Removed entry referencing g_eth_ffs.c file from Makefile.
The file never existed and the line was a leftover from a
developing process.
Signed-off-by: Michal Nazarewicz <m.nazarewicz@samsung.com>
Reported-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@crashcourse.ca>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This is a patch that implements an USB EHCI Debug Device using the
Gadget API. This patch applies to a 2.6.35-rc3 kernel.
The gadget needs a compliant usb controller that forwards the
USB_DEVICE_DEBUG_MODE feature to its gadget.
The gadget provides two configuration modes, one that only printk() the
received data, and one that exposes a serial device to userland
(/dev/ttyGSxxx).
The gadget has been tested on an IGEPv2 board running a 2.6.35-rc1
kernel. The debug port was fed on the host side by a 2.6.34 kernel.
Signed-off-by: Stephane Duverger <stephane.duverger@gmail.com>
Cc: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
renamed fsl_mx3_udc.c -> fsl_mxc_udc.c
for mx51, usb core is clocked from sources that are not 60mhz.
Signed-off-by: Dinh Nguyen <Dinh.Nguyen@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The Function Filesystem (FunctioFS) lets one create USB
composite functions in user space in the same way as GadgetFS
lets one create USB gadgets in user space. This allows
creation of composite gadgets such that some of the functions
are implemented in kernel space (for instance Ethernet, serial
or mass storage) and other are implemented in user space.
Signed-off-by: Michal Nazarewicz <m.nazarewicz@samsung.com>
Cc: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This webcam gadget instantiates a UVC camera (360p and 720p resolutions
in YUYV and MJPEG).
Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
g_hid is a USB gadget driver implementing the Human Interface Device class
specification. The driver handles basic HID protocol handling in the
kernel, and allows userspace to read/write HID reports trough /dev/hidgX
character devices.
Signed-off-by: Fabien Chouteau <fabien.chouteau@barco.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Korsgaard <peter.korsgaard@barco.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
g_nokia is the gadget driver implementing
WMCDC Wireless Handset Control Model for the N900
device.
Signed-off-by: Felipe Balbi <felipe.balbi@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The Multifunction Composite Gadget has two configurations
consisting of Ethernet (RNDIS in first and CDC Ethernet in
second configuration), CDC Serial and File-backed Storage
functions.
When connected to a Windows host, the first configuration
is chosen thus gadget provides RNDIS Ethernet, serial and
mass storage whereas when connected to Linux host, second
configuration is chosen thus providing CDC Ethernet,
serial and mass storage.
Which configurations are built can be configured via
KConfig options.
Signed-off-by: Michal Nazarewicz <m.nazarewicz@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The f_mass_storage.c has been changed into a composite function.
mass_storage.c file has been introduced which defines a
g_mass_storage gadget based on composite framework.
Signed-off-by: Michal Nazarewicz <m.nazarewicz@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
While in-tree support for the R8A66597 host side has been supported for
some time, the peripheral side has so far been unsupported. This adds a
new USB gadget driver which bridges the gap and finally wires up the
peripheral side as well.
Signed-off-by: Yoshihiro Shimoda <shimoda.yoshihiro@renesas.com>
Tested-by: Magnus Damm <damm@igel.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Intel Langwell USB Device Controller is a High-Speed USB OTG device
controller in Intel Moorestown platform. It can work in OTG device mode
with Intel Langwell USB OTG transceiver driver as well as device-only
mode. The number of programmable endpoints is different through
controller revision.
NOTE:
This patch is the first version Intel Langwell USB OTG device controller
driver. The bug fixing is on going for some hardware and software
issues. Intel Langwell USB OTG transceiver driver and EHCI driver
patches will be submitted later.
Supported features:
- USB OTG protocol support with Intel Langwell USB OTG transceiver
driver (turn on CONFIG_USB_LANGWELL_OTG)
- Support control, bulk, interrupt and isochronous endpoints
(isochronous not tested)
- PCI D0/D3 power management support
- Link Power Management (LPM) support
Tested gadget drivers:
- g_file_storage
- g_ether
- g_zero
The passed tests:
- g_file_storage: USBCV Chapter 9 tests
- g_file_storage: USBCV MSC tests
- g_file_storage: from/to host files copying
- g_ether: ping, ftp and scp files from/to host
- Hotplug, with and without hubs
Known issues:
- g_ether: failed part of USBCV chap9 tests
- LPM support not fully tested
TODO:
- g_ether: pass all USBCV chap9 tests
- g_zero: pass usbtest tests
- Stress tests on different gadget drivers
- On-chip private SRAM caching support
Signed-off-by: Xiaochen Shen <xiaochen.shen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Funtions added:
- setup all the USB audio class device descriptors
- handle class specific setup request
- receive data from USB host by ISO transfer
- play audio data by ALSA sound card
- open and setup playback PCM interface
- set default playback PCM parameters
- provide playback functions for USB audio driver
- provide PCM parameters set/get functions
Test on:
- Host: Ubuntu 8.10, kernel 2.6.27
- Gadget: EZKIT-BF548 with ASoC AD1980 codec
Todo:
- add real Mute control code
- add real Volume control code
- maybe find another way to replace dynamic buffer handling
with static buffer allocation
- test on Windows system
- provide control interface to handle mute/volume control
- provide capture interface in the future
- test on BF527, other USB device controler and other audio codec
Signed-off-by: Bryan Wu <cooloney@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Driver support for the new high-speed/OtG block that is
in the newer line of Samsung SoC devices such as the
S3C64XX series.
This driver does not currntly have DMA support enabled due
to issues with buffer alignment which need to be sorted out.
Signed-off-by: Ben Dooks <ben@simtec.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch adds support for i.MX3x (only tested with i.MX31 so far) ARM
SoCs to the fsl_usb2_udc driver. It also moves PHY configuration before
controller reset, because otherwise an ULPI PHY doesn't get a reset and
doesn't function after a reboot. The problem with longer control transfers
is still not fixed. The patch renames the fsl_usb2_udc.c file to
fsl_udc_core.c to preserve the same module name for user-space
backwards compatibility.
Signed-off-by: Guennadi Liakhovetski <lg@denx.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Implementation of USB device driver integrated in Freescale's i.MXL
processor.
Adds USB device driver for i.MXL.
Signed-off-by: Darius Augulis <augulis.darius@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
MIPS USB IP core family device controller
Currently it only supports IP part number CI13412.
[dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net: minor comment tweaks]
Signed-off-by: David Lopo <dlopo@chipidea.mips.com>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Some of Freescale SoC chips have a QE or CPM co-processor which
supports full speed USB. The driver adds device mode support
of both QE and CPM USB controller to Linux USB gadget. The
driver is tested with MPC8360 and MPC8272, and should work with
other models having QE/CPM given minor tweaks.
Signed-off-by: Xie Xiaobo <X.Xie@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Li Yang <leoli@freescale.com>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: David Brownell <david-b@pacbell.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Change how the Ethernet/RNDIS gadget driver builds: don't
use separate compilation, since it works poorly when key
parts are library code (with init sections etc). Instead
be as close as we can to "gcc --combine ...".
This is a bit more complicated than most of the others
because it had to resolve a few symbol collisions.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Change how the CDC Composite gadget driver builds: don't
use separate compilation, since it works poorly when key
parts are library code (with init sections etc). Instead
be as close as we can to "gcc --combine ...".
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Change how the file storage gadget driver builds: don't
use separate compilation, since it works poorly when key
parts are library code (with init sections etc). Instead
be as close as we can to "gcc --combine ...".
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Change how the printer gadget driver builds: don't use
separate compilation, since it works poorly when key parts
are library code (with init sections etc). Instead be as
close as we can to "gcc --combine ...".
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Change how the MIDI gadget driver builds: don't use separate
compilation, since it works poorly when key parts are library
code (with init sections etc). Instead be as close as we can
to "gcc --combine ...".
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Change how the Gadget Zero driver builds: don't use
separate compilation, since it works poorly when key
parts are library code (with init sections etc).
Instead be as close as we can to "gcc --combine ...".
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Change how the serial gadget driver builds: don't use
separate compilation, since it works poorly when key parts
are library code (with init sections etc). Instead be as
close as we can to "gcc --combine ...".
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This is a simple example of a composite gadget, combining two
Communications Class Device (CDC) functions: ECM and ACM.
This provides a clear example of how the composite gadget framework
is intended to work. It's surprising that MS-Windows (or at least,
XP and previous) won't "just work" with something this simple...
One /proc/bus/usb/devices listing looks like:
T: Bus=03 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 46 Spd=480 MxCh= 0
D: Ver= 2.00 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS=64 #Cfgs= 1
P: Vendor=0525 ProdID=a4aa Rev= 3.01
S: Manufacturer=Linux 2.6.26-rc6-pnut with net2280
S: Product=CDC Composite Gadget
C:* #Ifs= 4 Cfg#= 1 Atr=c0 MxPwr= 2mA
I:* If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=06 Prot=00 Driver=cdc_ether
E: Ad=83(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 16 Ivl=32ms
I: If#= 1 Alt= 0 #EPs= 0 Cls=0a(data ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=cdc_ether
I:* If#= 1 Alt= 1 #EPs= 2 Cls=0a(data ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=cdc_ether
E: Ad=81(I) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
E: Ad=02(O) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
I:* If#= 2 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=02(comm.) Sub=02 Prot=01 Driver=cdc_acm
E: Ad=86(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS= 8 Ivl=32ms
I:* If#= 3 Alt= 0 #EPs= 2 Cls=0a(data ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=cdc_acm
E: Ad=84(I) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
E: Ad=05(O) Atr=02(Bulk) MxPS= 512 Ivl=0ms
Not all USB peripheral controller hardware can support this driver.
All the highspeed-capable peripheral controllers with drivers now in
the mainline kernel seem to support this, as does omap_udc. But
many full speed controllers don't have enough endpoints, or (as with
the PXA controllers) don't support altsettings.
Lightly tested.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This is a RNDIS function driver, extracted from the all-in-one
Ethernet gadget driver.
Lightly tested ... there seems to be a pre-existing problem when
talking to Windows XP SP2, not quite sure what's up with that yet.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This is a "CDC Ethernet" (ECM) function driver, extracted from the
all-in-one Ethernet gadget driver.
This is a good example of how to implement interface altsettings.
In fact it's currently the only such example in the gadget stack,
pending addition of OBEX support.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This is a simple "CDC Subset" (and MCCI "SAFE") function driver, extracted
from the all-in-one Ethernet gadget driver.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Abstract the peripheral side Ethernet-over-USB link layer code from
the all-in-one Ethernet gadget driver into a component that can be
called by various functions, so the various flavors can be split
apart and selectively reused.
A notable difference from the approach taken with the serial link
layer code (beyond talking to NET not TTY) is that because of the
initialization requirements, this only supports one network link.
(And one set of Ethernet link addresses.)
That is, each configuration may have only one instance of a network
function. This doesn't change behavior; the current code has that
same restriction. If you want multiple logical links, that can
easily be done using network layer tools.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Split out the generic serial support into a "function driver". This
closely mimics the ACM support, but with a MUCH simpler control model.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Split out CDC ACM parts of "gadget serial" to a "function driver".
Some key structural differences from the previous ACM support, shared
with with the generic serial function (next patch):
- As a function driver, it can be combined with other functions.
One gadget configuration could offer both serial and network
links, as an example.
- One serial port can be exposed in multiple configurations;
the /dev/ttyGS0 node could be exposed regardless of which
config the host selected.
- One configuration can expose multiple serial ports, such as
ttyGS0, ttyGS1, ttyGS2, and ttyGS3.
This code should be a lot easier to understand than the previous
all-in-one-big-file version of the driver.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Update Gadget Zero to use the more modular versions of the loopback
and source/sink configuration drivers which build on the new gadget
framework code.
The core code is a LOT simpler, and it should be much easier now to
understand how the parts fit together. The conversion is an overall
source shrink in terms of this gadget, since it uses more midlayer
support. However, it's an overall increase in object size because
there's less sharing between the two configurations (improves code
clarity) and because the midlayer is a bit more functional than this
driver actually needs.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Teach "gadget serial" to use the new abstracted (and bugfixed) TTY glue,
and remove all the orignal tangled-up code. Update the documentation
accordingly. This is a net object code shrink and cleanup; it should
make it a lot easier to see how the TTY glue should accomodate updates
to the TTY layer, be bugfixed, etc.
Notable behavior changes include: it can now support getty even when
there's no USB connection; it fits properly into the mdev/udev world;
and RX handling is better (throttling works, and low latency).
Configurations with scripts setting up the /dev/ttygserial device node
(with "experimental" major number) may want to change that to be a
symlink pointing to the /dev/ttyGS0 file, as a migration aid; else,
just switch entirely over to mdev/udev.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The pxa2xx_udc.c driver is renamed to pxa25x_udc.c (the platform
driver name changes from pxa2xx-udc to pxa25x-udc) and the
platform driver name of pxa27x_udc.c is fixed to pxa27x-udc.
pxa_device_udc in devices.c is split into pxa25x and pxa27x flavors
and the pxa27x_device_udc is enabled in pxa27x.c.
Signed-off-by: Philipp Zabel <philipp.zabel@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Nicolas Pitre <nico@cam.org>
Acked-by: Eric Miao <eric.miao@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Including from Ian Molton:
Fixes for mistakes left over from the PXA2{5,7}X UDC split.
Signed-off-by: Ian Molton <spyro@f2s.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Adds pxa27x udc driver to support USB peripherals on pxa27x chips.
The driver is compatible with: Gadget Zero, the File Storage
gadget, and the Ethernet gadget (only in CDC subset mode).
The driver can't properly support multiple interfaces, because
of hardware bugs without possible workaround. That means no
RNDIS support from g_ether, and no CDC ACM support in g_serial.
Signed-off-by: Robert Jarzmik <rjarzmik@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
G_PRINTER: Adds a USB printer gadget driver for use in printer firmware.
This adds a USB printer gadget driver for use in printer firmware.
The printer gadget channels data between the USB host and a userspace
program driving the print engine. The user space program reads and
writes the device file /dev/g_printer to receive or send printer data.
It can use ioctl calls to the device file to get or set printer status.
Signed-off-by: Craig W. Nadler <craig@nadler.us>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This is a driver for the Atmel USBA UDC which can be found integrated
on AT32AP700x AVR32 processors. For hardware documentation, please see
the AT32AP7000 data sheet:
http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc32003.pdf
This is a dual speed controller (connects at high or full speed).
The driver supports up to 7 control, bulk, interrupt and isochronous
endpoints with some constraints. Bulk, interrupt and isochronous
transfers are driven by DMA.
Signed-off-by: Haavard Skinnemoen <hskinnemoen@atmel.com>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Driver for the AMD5536 UDC, as found in the AMD Geode CS5536 (southbridge).
This is a high speed DMA-capable controller, which can also be used in
OTG configurations (which are not supported by this patch).
Acked-by: Jordan Crouse <jordan.crouse@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Although the other USB driver directories got taught how use Kconfig
and the Makefile to enable the debugging messages enabled by -DDEBUG,
the gadget stack was overlooked.
This patch remedies that omission, but doesn't update any drivers to
remove previous idiosyncracies in this area ... other than the RNDIS
code, which defined its own DEBUG() macro in a broken way.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch adds the support for the Usb Device Controller on Samsung
S3C24xx SoCs. This driver passes all tests from testusb (including #13)
and has been tested on S3C2410, S3C24212, and S3C2440 SoCs.
Whitespace updates, minor cleanups by David
Signed-off-by: Arnaud Patard <arnaud.patard@rtp-net.org>
Signed-off-by: Ben Dooks <ben-linux@fluff.org>
Cc: Herbert Pötzl <herbert@13thfloor.at>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
I would like to submit Renesas M66592 udc driver.
The M66592 is Renesas USB 2.0 peripheral controller.
This controller supports USB high-speed.
The driver has been tested Gadget Zero, Ethernet Gadget,
File-backed Storage Gadget, and passed usbtest script.
Signed-off-by : Yoshihiro Shimoda <shimoda.yoshihiro@renesas.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Freescale high-speed USB SOC can be found on some Freescale processors
among different architectures. It supports both host and device functions.
This driver adds its device support for Linux USB Gadget layer.
It is tested on MPC8349 and MPC8313, but should work on other platforms
with minor tweaks. The driver passed USBCV 1.3 compliance tests. Note
that this driver doesn't yet include OTG support.
Signed-off-by: Li Yang <leoli@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiang Bo <tanya.jiang@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Bruce Schmid <duck@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This driver is glue between the USB gadget interface
and the ALSA MIDI interface. It allows us to appear
as a MIDI Streaming device to a host system on the
other end of a USB cable.
This includes linux/usb/audio.h and linux/usb/midi.h
containing definitions from the relevant USB specifications
for USB audio and USB MIDI devices.
The following changes have been made since the first RFC
posting:
* Bug fixes to endpoint handling.
* Workaround for USB_REQ_SET_CONFIGURATION handling,
not understood yet.
* Added SND and SND_RAWMIDI dependencies in Kconfig.
* Moved usb_audio.h and usb_midi.h to usb/*.h
* Added module parameters for ALSA card index and id.
* Added module parameters for USB descriptor IDs and strings.
* Removed some unneeded stuff inherited from zero.c, more to go.
* Provide DECLARE_* macros for the variable-length structs.
* Use kmalloc instead of usb_ep_alloc_buffer.
* Limit source to 80 columns.
* Return actual error code instead of -ENOMEM in a few places.
Signed-off-by: Ben Williamson <ben.williamson@greyinnovation.com>
Cc: David Brownell <david-b@pacbell.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This adds support for the USB peripheral controller on AT91
(rm9200, eventually also sam9261 or uClinux) platforms.
More SOC support for Linux-USB ... an uncomplicated pure PIO driver.
It'd be worth using this as a model, if you're starting a driver
for some other peripheral controller.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
