3325bdad51
v1 encryption policies are deprecated in favor of v2, and some new
features (e.g. encryption+casefolding) are only being added for v2.
Therefore, the "test_dummy_encryption" mount option (which is used for
encryption I/O testing with xfstests) needs to support v2 policies.
To do this, extend its syntax to be "test_dummy_encryption=v1" or
"test_dummy_encryption=v2". The existing "test_dummy_encryption" (no
argument) also continues to be accepted, to specify the default setting
-- currently v1, but the next patch changes it to v2.
To cleanly support both v1 and v2 while also making it easy to support
specifying other encryption settings in the future (say, accepting
"$contents_mode:$filenames_mode:v2"), make ext4 and f2fs maintain a
pointer to the dummy fscrypt_context rather than using mount flags.
To avoid concurrency issues, don't allow test_dummy_encryption to be set
or changed during a remount. (The former restriction is new, but
xfstests doesn't run into it, so no one should notice.)
Tested with 'gce-xfstests -c {ext4,f2fs}/encrypt -g auto'. On ext4,
there are two regressions, both of which are test bugs: ext4/023 and
ext4/028 fail because they set an xattr and expect it to be stored
inline, but the increase in size of the fscrypt_context from
24 to 40 bytes causes this xattr to be spilled into an external block.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200512233251.118314-4-ebiggers@kernel.org
Acked-by: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
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734 lines
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Text
================================================================================
|
||
WHAT IS Flash-Friendly File System (F2FS)?
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
NAND flash memory-based storage devices, such as SSD, eMMC, and SD cards, have
|
||
been equipped on a variety systems ranging from mobile to server systems. Since
|
||
they are known to have different characteristics from the conventional rotating
|
||
disks, a file system, an upper layer to the storage device, should adapt to the
|
||
changes from the sketch in the design level.
|
||
|
||
F2FS is a file system exploiting NAND flash memory-based storage devices, which
|
||
is based on Log-structured File System (LFS). The design has been focused on
|
||
addressing the fundamental issues in LFS, which are snowball effect of wandering
|
||
tree and high cleaning overhead.
|
||
|
||
Since a NAND flash memory-based storage device shows different characteristic
|
||
according to its internal geometry or flash memory management scheme, namely FTL,
|
||
F2FS and its tools support various parameters not only for configuring on-disk
|
||
layout, but also for selecting allocation and cleaning algorithms.
|
||
|
||
The following git tree provides the file system formatting tool (mkfs.f2fs),
|
||
a consistency checking tool (fsck.f2fs), and a debugging tool (dump.f2fs).
|
||
>> git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs-tools.git
|
||
|
||
For reporting bugs and sending patches, please use the following mailing list:
|
||
>> linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
|
||
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
BACKGROUND AND DESIGN ISSUES
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
Log-structured File System (LFS)
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
"A log-structured file system writes all modifications to disk sequentially in
|
||
a log-like structure, thereby speeding up both file writing and crash recovery.
|
||
The log is the only structure on disk; it contains indexing information so that
|
||
files can be read back from the log efficiently. In order to maintain large free
|
||
areas on disk for fast writing, we divide the log into segments and use a
|
||
segment cleaner to compress the live information from heavily fragmented
|
||
segments." from Rosenblum, M. and Ousterhout, J. K., 1992, "The design and
|
||
implementation of a log-structured file system", ACM Trans. Computer Systems
|
||
10, 1, 26–52.
|
||
|
||
Wandering Tree Problem
|
||
----------------------
|
||
In LFS, when a file data is updated and written to the end of log, its direct
|
||
pointer block is updated due to the changed location. Then the indirect pointer
|
||
block is also updated due to the direct pointer block update. In this manner,
|
||
the upper index structures such as inode, inode map, and checkpoint block are
|
||
also updated recursively. This problem is called as wandering tree problem [1],
|
||
and in order to enhance the performance, it should eliminate or relax the update
|
||
propagation as much as possible.
|
||
|
||
[1] Bityutskiy, A. 2005. JFFS3 design issues. http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/
|
||
|
||
Cleaning Overhead
|
||
-----------------
|
||
Since LFS is based on out-of-place writes, it produces so many obsolete blocks
|
||
scattered across the whole storage. In order to serve new empty log space, it
|
||
needs to reclaim these obsolete blocks seamlessly to users. This job is called
|
||
as a cleaning process.
|
||
|
||
The process consists of three operations as follows.
|
||
1. A victim segment is selected through referencing segment usage table.
|
||
2. It loads parent index structures of all the data in the victim identified by
|
||
segment summary blocks.
|
||
3. It checks the cross-reference between the data and its parent index structure.
|
||
4. It moves valid data selectively.
|
||
|
||
This cleaning job may cause unexpected long delays, so the most important goal
|
||
is to hide the latencies to users. And also definitely, it should reduce the
|
||
amount of valid data to be moved, and move them quickly as well.
|
||
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
KEY FEATURES
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
Flash Awareness
|
||
---------------
|
||
- Enlarge the random write area for better performance, but provide the high
|
||
spatial locality
|
||
- Align FS data structures to the operational units in FTL as best efforts
|
||
|
||
Wandering Tree Problem
|
||
----------------------
|
||
- Use a term, “node”, that represents inodes as well as various pointer blocks
|
||
- Introduce Node Address Table (NAT) containing the locations of all the “node”
|
||
blocks; this will cut off the update propagation.
|
||
|
||
Cleaning Overhead
|
||
-----------------
|
||
- Support a background cleaning process
|
||
- Support greedy and cost-benefit algorithms for victim selection policies
|
||
- Support multi-head logs for static/dynamic hot and cold data separation
|
||
- Introduce adaptive logging for efficient block allocation
|
||
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
MOUNT OPTIONS
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
background_gc=%s Turn on/off cleaning operations, namely garbage
|
||
collection, triggered in background when I/O subsystem is
|
||
idle. If background_gc=on, it will turn on the garbage
|
||
collection and if background_gc=off, garbage collection
|
||
will be turned off. If background_gc=sync, it will turn
|
||
on synchronous garbage collection running in background.
|
||
Default value for this option is on. So garbage
|
||
collection is on by default.
|
||
disable_roll_forward Disable the roll-forward recovery routine
|
||
norecovery Disable the roll-forward recovery routine, mounted read-
|
||
only (i.e., -o ro,disable_roll_forward)
|
||
discard/nodiscard Enable/disable real-time discard in f2fs, if discard is
|
||
enabled, f2fs will issue discard/TRIM commands when a
|
||
segment is cleaned.
|
||
no_heap Disable heap-style segment allocation which finds free
|
||
segments for data from the beginning of main area, while
|
||
for node from the end of main area.
|
||
nouser_xattr Disable Extended User Attributes. Note: xattr is enabled
|
||
by default if CONFIG_F2FS_FS_XATTR is selected.
|
||
noacl Disable POSIX Access Control List. Note: acl is enabled
|
||
by default if CONFIG_F2FS_FS_POSIX_ACL is selected.
|
||
active_logs=%u Support configuring the number of active logs. In the
|
||
current design, f2fs supports only 2, 4, and 6 logs.
|
||
Default number is 6.
|
||
disable_ext_identify Disable the extension list configured by mkfs, so f2fs
|
||
does not aware of cold files such as media files.
|
||
inline_xattr Enable the inline xattrs feature.
|
||
noinline_xattr Disable the inline xattrs feature.
|
||
inline_xattr_size=%u Support configuring inline xattr size, it depends on
|
||
flexible inline xattr feature.
|
||
inline_data Enable the inline data feature: New created small(<~3.4k)
|
||
files can be written into inode block.
|
||
inline_dentry Enable the inline dir feature: data in new created
|
||
directory entries can be written into inode block. The
|
||
space of inode block which is used to store inline
|
||
dentries is limited to ~3.4k.
|
||
noinline_dentry Disable the inline dentry feature.
|
||
flush_merge Merge concurrent cache_flush commands as much as possible
|
||
to eliminate redundant command issues. If the underlying
|
||
device handles the cache_flush command relatively slowly,
|
||
recommend to enable this option.
|
||
nobarrier This option can be used if underlying storage guarantees
|
||
its cached data should be written to the novolatile area.
|
||
If this option is set, no cache_flush commands are issued
|
||
but f2fs still guarantees the write ordering of all the
|
||
data writes.
|
||
fastboot This option is used when a system wants to reduce mount
|
||
time as much as possible, even though normal performance
|
||
can be sacrificed.
|
||
extent_cache Enable an extent cache based on rb-tree, it can cache
|
||
as many as extent which map between contiguous logical
|
||
address and physical address per inode, resulting in
|
||
increasing the cache hit ratio. Set by default.
|
||
noextent_cache Disable an extent cache based on rb-tree explicitly, see
|
||
the above extent_cache mount option.
|
||
noinline_data Disable the inline data feature, inline data feature is
|
||
enabled by default.
|
||
data_flush Enable data flushing before checkpoint in order to
|
||
persist data of regular and symlink.
|
||
reserve_root=%d Support configuring reserved space which is used for
|
||
allocation from a privileged user with specified uid or
|
||
gid, unit: 4KB, the default limit is 0.2% of user blocks.
|
||
resuid=%d The user ID which may use the reserved blocks.
|
||
resgid=%d The group ID which may use the reserved blocks.
|
||
fault_injection=%d Enable fault injection in all supported types with
|
||
specified injection rate.
|
||
fault_type=%d Support configuring fault injection type, should be
|
||
enabled with fault_injection option, fault type value
|
||
is shown below, it supports single or combined type.
|
||
Type_Name Type_Value
|
||
FAULT_KMALLOC 0x000000001
|
||
FAULT_KVMALLOC 0x000000002
|
||
FAULT_PAGE_ALLOC 0x000000004
|
||
FAULT_PAGE_GET 0x000000008
|
||
FAULT_ALLOC_BIO 0x000000010
|
||
FAULT_ALLOC_NID 0x000000020
|
||
FAULT_ORPHAN 0x000000040
|
||
FAULT_BLOCK 0x000000080
|
||
FAULT_DIR_DEPTH 0x000000100
|
||
FAULT_EVICT_INODE 0x000000200
|
||
FAULT_TRUNCATE 0x000000400
|
||
FAULT_READ_IO 0x000000800
|
||
FAULT_CHECKPOINT 0x000001000
|
||
FAULT_DISCARD 0x000002000
|
||
FAULT_WRITE_IO 0x000004000
|
||
mode=%s Control block allocation mode which supports "adaptive"
|
||
and "lfs". In "lfs" mode, there should be no random
|
||
writes towards main area.
|
||
io_bits=%u Set the bit size of write IO requests. It should be set
|
||
with "mode=lfs".
|
||
usrquota Enable plain user disk quota accounting.
|
||
grpquota Enable plain group disk quota accounting.
|
||
prjquota Enable plain project quota accounting.
|
||
usrjquota=<file> Appoint specified file and type during mount, so that quota
|
||
grpjquota=<file> information can be properly updated during recovery flow,
|
||
prjjquota=<file> <quota file>: must be in root directory;
|
||
jqfmt=<quota type> <quota type>: [vfsold,vfsv0,vfsv1].
|
||
offusrjquota Turn off user journelled quota.
|
||
offgrpjquota Turn off group journelled quota.
|
||
offprjjquota Turn off project journelled quota.
|
||
quota Enable plain user disk quota accounting.
|
||
noquota Disable all plain disk quota option.
|
||
whint_mode=%s Control which write hints are passed down to block
|
||
layer. This supports "off", "user-based", and
|
||
"fs-based". In "off" mode (default), f2fs does not pass
|
||
down hints. In "user-based" mode, f2fs tries to pass
|
||
down hints given by users. And in "fs-based" mode, f2fs
|
||
passes down hints with its policy.
|
||
alloc_mode=%s Adjust block allocation policy, which supports "reuse"
|
||
and "default".
|
||
fsync_mode=%s Control the policy of fsync. Currently supports "posix",
|
||
"strict", and "nobarrier". In "posix" mode, which is
|
||
default, fsync will follow POSIX semantics and does a
|
||
light operation to improve the filesystem performance.
|
||
In "strict" mode, fsync will be heavy and behaves in line
|
||
with xfs, ext4 and btrfs, where xfstest generic/342 will
|
||
pass, but the performance will regress. "nobarrier" is
|
||
based on "posix", but doesn't issue flush command for
|
||
non-atomic files likewise "nobarrier" mount option.
|
||
test_dummy_encryption
|
||
test_dummy_encryption=%s
|
||
Enable dummy encryption, which provides a fake fscrypt
|
||
context. The fake fscrypt context is used by xfstests.
|
||
The argument may be either "v1" or "v2", in order to
|
||
select the corresponding fscrypt policy version.
|
||
checkpoint=%s[:%u[%]] Set to "disable" to turn off checkpointing. Set to "enable"
|
||
to reenable checkpointing. Is enabled by default. While
|
||
disabled, any unmounting or unexpected shutdowns will cause
|
||
the filesystem contents to appear as they did when the
|
||
filesystem was mounted with that option.
|
||
While mounting with checkpoint=disabled, the filesystem must
|
||
run garbage collection to ensure that all available space can
|
||
be used. If this takes too much time, the mount may return
|
||
EAGAIN. You may optionally add a value to indicate how much
|
||
of the disk you would be willing to temporarily give up to
|
||
avoid additional garbage collection. This can be given as a
|
||
number of blocks, or as a percent. For instance, mounting
|
||
with checkpoint=disable:100% would always succeed, but it may
|
||
hide up to all remaining free space. The actual space that
|
||
would be unusable can be viewed at /sys/fs/f2fs/<disk>/unusable
|
||
This space is reclaimed once checkpoint=enable.
|
||
compress_algorithm=%s Control compress algorithm, currently f2fs supports "lzo",
|
||
"lz4" and "zstd" algorithm.
|
||
compress_log_size=%u Support configuring compress cluster size, the size will
|
||
be 4KB * (1 << %u), 16KB is minimum size, also it's
|
||
default size.
|
||
compress_extension=%s Support adding specified extension, so that f2fs can enable
|
||
compression on those corresponding files, e.g. if all files
|
||
with '.ext' has high compression rate, we can set the '.ext'
|
||
on compression extension list and enable compression on
|
||
these file by default rather than to enable it via ioctl.
|
||
For other files, we can still enable compression via ioctl.
|
||
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
DEBUGFS ENTRIES
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
/sys/kernel/debug/f2fs/ contains information about all the partitions mounted as
|
||
f2fs. Each file shows the whole f2fs information.
|
||
|
||
/sys/kernel/debug/f2fs/status includes:
|
||
- major file system information managed by f2fs currently
|
||
- average SIT information about whole segments
|
||
- current memory footprint consumed by f2fs.
|
||
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
SYSFS ENTRIES
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
Information about mounted f2fs file systems can be found in
|
||
/sys/fs/f2fs. Each mounted filesystem will have a directory in
|
||
/sys/fs/f2fs based on its device name (i.e., /sys/fs/f2fs/sda).
|
||
The files in each per-device directory are shown in table below.
|
||
|
||
Files in /sys/fs/f2fs/<devname>
|
||
(see also Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-fs-f2fs)
|
||
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
USAGE
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
1. Download userland tools and compile them.
|
||
|
||
2. Skip, if f2fs was compiled statically inside kernel.
|
||
Otherwise, insert the f2fs.ko module.
|
||
# insmod f2fs.ko
|
||
|
||
3. Create a directory trying to mount
|
||
# mkdir /mnt/f2fs
|
||
|
||
4. Format the block device, and then mount as f2fs
|
||
# mkfs.f2fs -l label /dev/block_device
|
||
# mount -t f2fs /dev/block_device /mnt/f2fs
|
||
|
||
mkfs.f2fs
|
||
---------
|
||
The mkfs.f2fs is for the use of formatting a partition as the f2fs filesystem,
|
||
which builds a basic on-disk layout.
|
||
|
||
The options consist of:
|
||
-l [label] : Give a volume label, up to 512 unicode name.
|
||
-a [0 or 1] : Split start location of each area for heap-based allocation.
|
||
1 is set by default, which performs this.
|
||
-o [int] : Set overprovision ratio in percent over volume size.
|
||
5 is set by default.
|
||
-s [int] : Set the number of segments per section.
|
||
1 is set by default.
|
||
-z [int] : Set the number of sections per zone.
|
||
1 is set by default.
|
||
-e [str] : Set basic extension list. e.g. "mp3,gif,mov"
|
||
-t [0 or 1] : Disable discard command or not.
|
||
1 is set by default, which conducts discard.
|
||
|
||
fsck.f2fs
|
||
---------
|
||
The fsck.f2fs is a tool to check the consistency of an f2fs-formatted
|
||
partition, which examines whether the filesystem metadata and user-made data
|
||
are cross-referenced correctly or not.
|
||
Note that, initial version of the tool does not fix any inconsistency.
|
||
|
||
The options consist of:
|
||
-d debug level [default:0]
|
||
|
||
dump.f2fs
|
||
---------
|
||
The dump.f2fs shows the information of specific inode and dumps SSA and SIT to
|
||
file. Each file is dump_ssa and dump_sit.
|
||
|
||
The dump.f2fs is used to debug on-disk data structures of the f2fs filesystem.
|
||
It shows on-disk inode information recognized by a given inode number, and is
|
||
able to dump all the SSA and SIT entries into predefined files, ./dump_ssa and
|
||
./dump_sit respectively.
|
||
|
||
The options consist of:
|
||
-d debug level [default:0]
|
||
-i inode no (hex)
|
||
-s [SIT dump segno from #1~#2 (decimal), for all 0~-1]
|
||
-a [SSA dump segno from #1~#2 (decimal), for all 0~-1]
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
# dump.f2fs -i [ino] /dev/sdx
|
||
# dump.f2fs -s 0~-1 /dev/sdx (SIT dump)
|
||
# dump.f2fs -a 0~-1 /dev/sdx (SSA dump)
|
||
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
DESIGN
|
||
================================================================================
|
||
|
||
On-disk Layout
|
||
--------------
|
||
|
||
F2FS divides the whole volume into a number of segments, each of which is fixed
|
||
to 2MB in size. A section is composed of consecutive segments, and a zone
|
||
consists of a set of sections. By default, section and zone sizes are set to one
|
||
segment size identically, but users can easily modify the sizes by mkfs.
|
||
|
||
F2FS splits the entire volume into six areas, and all the areas except superblock
|
||
consists of multiple segments as described below.
|
||
|
||
align with the zone size <-|
|
||
|-> align with the segment size
|
||
_________________________________________________________________________
|
||
| | | Segment | Node | Segment | |
|
||
| Superblock | Checkpoint | Info. | Address | Summary | Main |
|
||
| (SB) | (CP) | Table (SIT) | Table (NAT) | Area (SSA) | |
|
||
|____________|_____2______|______N______|______N______|______N_____|__N___|
|
||
. .
|
||
. .
|
||
. .
|
||
._________________________________________.
|
||
|_Segment_|_..._|_Segment_|_..._|_Segment_|
|
||
. .
|
||
._________._________
|
||
|_section_|__...__|_
|
||
. .
|
||
.________.
|
||
|__zone__|
|
||
|
||
- Superblock (SB)
|
||
: It is located at the beginning of the partition, and there exist two copies
|
||
to avoid file system crash. It contains basic partition information and some
|
||
default parameters of f2fs.
|
||
|
||
- Checkpoint (CP)
|
||
: It contains file system information, bitmaps for valid NAT/SIT sets, orphan
|
||
inode lists, and summary entries of current active segments.
|
||
|
||
- Segment Information Table (SIT)
|
||
: It contains segment information such as valid block count and bitmap for the
|
||
validity of all the blocks.
|
||
|
||
- Node Address Table (NAT)
|
||
: It is composed of a block address table for all the node blocks stored in
|
||
Main area.
|
||
|
||
- Segment Summary Area (SSA)
|
||
: It contains summary entries which contains the owner information of all the
|
||
data and node blocks stored in Main area.
|
||
|
||
- Main Area
|
||
: It contains file and directory data including their indices.
|
||
|
||
In order to avoid misalignment between file system and flash-based storage, F2FS
|
||
aligns the start block address of CP with the segment size. Also, it aligns the
|
||
start block address of Main area with the zone size by reserving some segments
|
||
in SSA area.
|
||
|
||
Reference the following survey for additional technical details.
|
||
https://wiki.linaro.org/WorkingGroups/Kernel/Projects/FlashCardSurvey
|
||
|
||
File System Metadata Structure
|
||
------------------------------
|
||
|
||
F2FS adopts the checkpointing scheme to maintain file system consistency. At
|
||
mount time, F2FS first tries to find the last valid checkpoint data by scanning
|
||
CP area. In order to reduce the scanning time, F2FS uses only two copies of CP.
|
||
One of them always indicates the last valid data, which is called as shadow copy
|
||
mechanism. In addition to CP, NAT and SIT also adopt the shadow copy mechanism.
|
||
|
||
For file system consistency, each CP points to which NAT and SIT copies are
|
||
valid, as shown as below.
|
||
|
||
+--------+----------+---------+
|
||
| CP | SIT | NAT |
|
||
+--------+----------+---------+
|
||
. . . .
|
||
. . . .
|
||
. . . .
|
||
+-------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|
||
| CP #0 | CP #1 | SIT #0 | SIT #1 | NAT #0 | NAT #1 |
|
||
+-------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|
||
| ^ ^
|
||
| | |
|
||
`----------------------------------------'
|
||
|
||
Index Structure
|
||
---------------
|
||
|
||
The key data structure to manage the data locations is a "node". Similar to
|
||
traditional file structures, F2FS has three types of node: inode, direct node,
|
||
indirect node. F2FS assigns 4KB to an inode block which contains 923 data block
|
||
indices, two direct node pointers, two indirect node pointers, and one double
|
||
indirect node pointer as described below. One direct node block contains 1018
|
||
data blocks, and one indirect node block contains also 1018 node blocks. Thus,
|
||
one inode block (i.e., a file) covers:
|
||
|
||
4KB * (923 + 2 * 1018 + 2 * 1018 * 1018 + 1018 * 1018 * 1018) := 3.94TB.
|
||
|
||
Inode block (4KB)
|
||
|- data (923)
|
||
|- direct node (2)
|
||
| `- data (1018)
|
||
|- indirect node (2)
|
||
| `- direct node (1018)
|
||
| `- data (1018)
|
||
`- double indirect node (1)
|
||
`- indirect node (1018)
|
||
`- direct node (1018)
|
||
`- data (1018)
|
||
|
||
Note that, all the node blocks are mapped by NAT which means the location of
|
||
each node is translated by the NAT table. In the consideration of the wandering
|
||
tree problem, F2FS is able to cut off the propagation of node updates caused by
|
||
leaf data writes.
|
||
|
||
Directory Structure
|
||
-------------------
|
||
|
||
A directory entry occupies 11 bytes, which consists of the following attributes.
|
||
|
||
- hash hash value of the file name
|
||
- ino inode number
|
||
- len the length of file name
|
||
- type file type such as directory, symlink, etc
|
||
|
||
A dentry block consists of 214 dentry slots and file names. Therein a bitmap is
|
||
used to represent whether each dentry is valid or not. A dentry block occupies
|
||
4KB with the following composition.
|
||
|
||
Dentry Block(4 K) = bitmap (27 bytes) + reserved (3 bytes) +
|
||
dentries(11 * 214 bytes) + file name (8 * 214 bytes)
|
||
|
||
[Bucket]
|
||
+--------------------------------+
|
||
|dentry block 1 | dentry block 2 |
|
||
+--------------------------------+
|
||
. .
|
||
. .
|
||
. [Dentry Block Structure: 4KB] .
|
||
+--------+----------+----------+------------+
|
||
| bitmap | reserved | dentries | file names |
|
||
+--------+----------+----------+------------+
|
||
[Dentry Block: 4KB] . .
|
||
. .
|
||
. .
|
||
+------+------+-----+------+
|
||
| hash | ino | len | type |
|
||
+------+------+-----+------+
|
||
[Dentry Structure: 11 bytes]
|
||
|
||
F2FS implements multi-level hash tables for directory structure. Each level has
|
||
a hash table with dedicated number of hash buckets as shown below. Note that
|
||
"A(2B)" means a bucket includes 2 data blocks.
|
||
|
||
----------------------
|
||
A : bucket
|
||
B : block
|
||
N : MAX_DIR_HASH_DEPTH
|
||
----------------------
|
||
|
||
level #0 | A(2B)
|
||
|
|
||
level #1 | A(2B) - A(2B)
|
||
|
|
||
level #2 | A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B)
|
||
. | . . . .
|
||
level #N/2 | A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - ... - A(2B)
|
||
. | . . . .
|
||
level #N | A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - ... - A(4B)
|
||
|
||
The number of blocks and buckets are determined by,
|
||
|
||
,- 2, if n < MAX_DIR_HASH_DEPTH / 2,
|
||
# of blocks in level #n = |
|
||
`- 4, Otherwise
|
||
|
||
,- 2^(n + dir_level),
|
||
| if n + dir_level < MAX_DIR_HASH_DEPTH / 2,
|
||
# of buckets in level #n = |
|
||
`- 2^((MAX_DIR_HASH_DEPTH / 2) - 1),
|
||
Otherwise
|
||
|
||
When F2FS finds a file name in a directory, at first a hash value of the file
|
||
name is calculated. Then, F2FS scans the hash table in level #0 to find the
|
||
dentry consisting of the file name and its inode number. If not found, F2FS
|
||
scans the next hash table in level #1. In this way, F2FS scans hash tables in
|
||
each levels incrementally from 1 to N. In each levels F2FS needs to scan only
|
||
one bucket determined by the following equation, which shows O(log(# of files))
|
||
complexity.
|
||
|
||
bucket number to scan in level #n = (hash value) % (# of buckets in level #n)
|
||
|
||
In the case of file creation, F2FS finds empty consecutive slots that cover the
|
||
file name. F2FS searches the empty slots in the hash tables of whole levels from
|
||
1 to N in the same way as the lookup operation.
|
||
|
||
The following figure shows an example of two cases holding children.
|
||
--------------> Dir <--------------
|
||
| |
|
||
child child
|
||
|
||
child - child [hole] - child
|
||
|
||
child - child - child [hole] - [hole] - child
|
||
|
||
Case 1: Case 2:
|
||
Number of children = 6, Number of children = 3,
|
||
File size = 7 File size = 7
|
||
|
||
Default Block Allocation
|
||
------------------------
|
||
|
||
At runtime, F2FS manages six active logs inside "Main" area: Hot/Warm/Cold node
|
||
and Hot/Warm/Cold data.
|
||
|
||
- Hot node contains direct node blocks of directories.
|
||
- Warm node contains direct node blocks except hot node blocks.
|
||
- Cold node contains indirect node blocks
|
||
- Hot data contains dentry blocks
|
||
- Warm data contains data blocks except hot and cold data blocks
|
||
- Cold data contains multimedia data or migrated data blocks
|
||
|
||
LFS has two schemes for free space management: threaded log and copy-and-compac-
|
||
tion. The copy-and-compaction scheme which is known as cleaning, is well-suited
|
||
for devices showing very good sequential write performance, since free segments
|
||
are served all the time for writing new data. However, it suffers from cleaning
|
||
overhead under high utilization. Contrarily, the threaded log scheme suffers
|
||
from random writes, but no cleaning process is needed. F2FS adopts a hybrid
|
||
scheme where the copy-and-compaction scheme is adopted by default, but the
|
||
policy is dynamically changed to the threaded log scheme according to the file
|
||
system status.
|
||
|
||
In order to align F2FS with underlying flash-based storage, F2FS allocates a
|
||
segment in a unit of section. F2FS expects that the section size would be the
|
||
same as the unit size of garbage collection in FTL. Furthermore, with respect
|
||
to the mapping granularity in FTL, F2FS allocates each section of the active
|
||
logs from different zones as much as possible, since FTL can write the data in
|
||
the active logs into one allocation unit according to its mapping granularity.
|
||
|
||
Cleaning process
|
||
----------------
|
||
|
||
F2FS does cleaning both on demand and in the background. On-demand cleaning is
|
||
triggered when there are not enough free segments to serve VFS calls. Background
|
||
cleaner is operated by a kernel thread, and triggers the cleaning job when the
|
||
system is idle.
|
||
|
||
F2FS supports two victim selection policies: greedy and cost-benefit algorithms.
|
||
In the greedy algorithm, F2FS selects a victim segment having the smallest number
|
||
of valid blocks. In the cost-benefit algorithm, F2FS selects a victim segment
|
||
according to the segment age and the number of valid blocks in order to address
|
||
log block thrashing problem in the greedy algorithm. F2FS adopts the greedy
|
||
algorithm for on-demand cleaner, while background cleaner adopts cost-benefit
|
||
algorithm.
|
||
|
||
In order to identify whether the data in the victim segment are valid or not,
|
||
F2FS manages a bitmap. Each bit represents the validity of a block, and the
|
||
bitmap is composed of a bit stream covering whole blocks in main area.
|
||
|
||
Write-hint Policy
|
||
-----------------
|
||
|
||
1) whint_mode=off. F2FS only passes down WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET.
|
||
|
||
2) whint_mode=user-based. F2FS tries to pass down hints given by
|
||
users.
|
||
|
||
User F2FS Block
|
||
---- ---- -----
|
||
META WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
|
||
HOT_NODE "
|
||
WARM_NODE "
|
||
COLD_NODE "
|
||
*ioctl(COLD) COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
|
||
*extension list " "
|
||
|
||
-- buffered io
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_SHORT HOT_DATA WRITE_LIFE_SHORT
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET WARM_DATA WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NONE " "
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM " "
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_LONG " "
|
||
|
||
-- direct io
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_SHORT HOT_DATA WRITE_LIFE_SHORT
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET WARM_DATA WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NONE " WRITE_LIFE_NONE
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM " WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_LONG " WRITE_LIFE_LONG
|
||
|
||
3) whint_mode=fs-based. F2FS passes down hints with its policy.
|
||
|
||
User F2FS Block
|
||
---- ---- -----
|
||
META WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM;
|
||
HOT_NODE WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
|
||
WARM_NODE "
|
||
COLD_NODE WRITE_LIFE_NONE
|
||
ioctl(COLD) COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
|
||
extension list " "
|
||
|
||
-- buffered io
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_SHORT HOT_DATA WRITE_LIFE_SHORT
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET WARM_DATA WRITE_LIFE_LONG
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NONE " "
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM " "
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_LONG " "
|
||
|
||
-- direct io
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_SHORT HOT_DATA WRITE_LIFE_SHORT
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET WARM_DATA WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_NONE " WRITE_LIFE_NONE
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM " WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM
|
||
WRITE_LIFE_LONG " WRITE_LIFE_LONG
|
||
|
||
Fallocate(2) Policy
|
||
-------------------
|
||
|
||
The default policy follows the below posix rule.
|
||
|
||
Allocating disk space
|
||
The default operation (i.e., mode is zero) of fallocate() allocates
|
||
the disk space within the range specified by offset and len. The
|
||
file size (as reported by stat(2)) will be changed if offset+len is
|
||
greater than the file size. Any subregion within the range specified
|
||
by offset and len that did not contain data before the call will be
|
||
initialized to zero. This default behavior closely resembles the
|
||
behavior of the posix_fallocate(3) library function, and is intended
|
||
as a method of optimally implementing that function.
|
||
|
||
However, once F2FS receives ioctl(fd, F2FS_IOC_SET_PIN_FILE) in prior to
|
||
fallocate(fd, DEFAULT_MODE), it allocates on-disk blocks addressess having
|
||
zero or random data, which is useful to the below scenario where:
|
||
1. create(fd)
|
||
2. ioctl(fd, F2FS_IOC_SET_PIN_FILE)
|
||
3. fallocate(fd, 0, 0, size)
|
||
4. address = fibmap(fd, offset)
|
||
5. open(blkdev)
|
||
6. write(blkdev, address)
|
||
|
||
Compression implementation
|
||
--------------------------
|
||
|
||
- New term named cluster is defined as basic unit of compression, file can
|
||
be divided into multiple clusters logically. One cluster includes 4 << n
|
||
(n >= 0) logical pages, compression size is also cluster size, each of
|
||
cluster can be compressed or not.
|
||
|
||
- In cluster metadata layout, one special block address is used to indicate
|
||
cluster is compressed one or normal one, for compressed cluster, following
|
||
metadata maps cluster to [1, 4 << n - 1] physical blocks, in where f2fs
|
||
stores data including compress header and compressed data.
|
||
|
||
- In order to eliminate write amplification during overwrite, F2FS only
|
||
support compression on write-once file, data can be compressed only when
|
||
all logical blocks in file are valid and cluster compress ratio is lower
|
||
than specified threshold.
|
||
|
||
- To enable compression on regular inode, there are three ways:
|
||
* chattr +c file
|
||
* chattr +c dir; touch dir/file
|
||
* mount w/ -o compress_extension=ext; touch file.ext
|
||
|
||
Compress metadata layout:
|
||
[Dnode Structure]
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
||
| cluster 1 | cluster 2 | ......... | cluster N |
|
||
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
||
. . . .
|
||
. . . .
|
||
. Compressed Cluster . . Normal Cluster .
|
||
+----------+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+---------+---------+---------+
|
||
|compr flag| block 1 | block 2 | block 3 | | block 1 | block 2 | block 3 | block 4 |
|
||
+----------+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+---------+---------+---------+
|
||
. .
|
||
. .
|
||
. .
|
||
+-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+
|
||
| data length | data chksum | reserved | compressed data |
|
||
+-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+
|