Ben Nagy reported a scalability problem with KVM/QEMU that hit very hard
a single spinlock (idr_lock) in posix-timers code, on its 48 core
machine.
Even on a 16 cpu machine (2x4x2), a single test can show 98% of cpu time
used in ticket_spin_lock, from lock_timer
Ref: http://www.spinics.net/lists/kvm/msg51526.html
Switching to RCU is quite easy, IDR being already RCU ready. idr_lock
should be locked only for an insert/delete, not a lookup.
Benchmark on a 2x4x2 machine, 16 processes calling timer_gettime().
Before :
real 1m18.669s
user 0m1.346s
sys 1m17.180s
After :
real 0m3.296s
user 0m1.366s
sys 0m1.926s
Reported-by: Ben Nagy <ben@iagu.net>
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Ben Nagy <ben@iagu.net>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Cc: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
This patch exposes alarm-timers to userland via the posix clock
and timers interface, using two new clockids: CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM
and CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM. Both clockids behave identically to
CLOCK_REALTIME and CLOCK_BOOTTIME, respectively, but timers
set against the _ALARM suffixed clockids will wake the system if
it is suspended.
Some background can be found here:
https://lwn.net/Articles/429925/
The concept for Alarm-timers was inspired by the Android Alarm
driver (by Arve Hjønnevåg) found in the Android kernel tree.
See: http://android.git.kernel.org/?p=kernel/common.git;a=blob;f=drivers/rtc/alarm.c;h=1250edfbdf3302f5e4ea6194847c6ef4bb7beb1c;hb=android-2.6.36
While the in-kernel interface is pretty similar between
alarm-timers and Android alarm driver, the user-space interface
for the Android alarm driver is via ioctls to a new char device.
As mentioned above, I've instead chosen to export this functionality
via the posix interface, as it seemed a little simpler and avoids
creating duplicate interfaces to things like CLOCK_REALTIME and
CLOCK_MONOTONIC under alternate names (ie:ANDROID_ALARM_RTC and
ANDROID_ALARM_SYSTEMTIME).
The semantics of the Android alarm driver are different from what
this posix interface provides. For instance, threads other then
the thread waiting on the Android alarm driver are able to modify
the alarm being waited on. Also this interface does not allow
the same wakelock semantics that the Android driver provides
(ie: kernel takes a wakelock on RTC alarm-interupt, and holds it
through process wakeup, and while the process runs, until the
process either closes the char device or calls back in to wait
on a new alarm).
One potential way to implement similar semantics may be via
the timerfd infrastructure, but this needs more research.
There may also need to be some sort of sysfs system level policy
hooks that allow alarm timers to be disabled to keep them
from firing at inappropriate times (ie: laptop in a well insulated
bag, mid-flight).
CC: Arve Hjønnevåg <arve@android.com>
CC: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
CC: Alessandro Zummo <a.zummo@towertech.it>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
This patch adds support for adding and removing posix clocks. The
clock lifetime cycle is patterned after usb devices. Each clock is
represented by a standard character device. In addition, the driver
may optionally implement custom character device operations.
The posix clock and timer system calls listed below now work with
dynamic posix clocks, as well as the traditional static clocks.
The following system calls are affected:
- clock_adjtime (brand new syscall)
- clock_gettime
- clock_getres
- clock_settime
- timer_create
- timer_delete
- timer_gettime
- timer_settime
[ tglx: Adapted to the posix-timer cleanup. Moved clock_posix_dynamic
to posix-clock.c and made all referenced functions static ]
Signed-off-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134420.164172635@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Rename register_posix_clock() to posix_timers_register_clock(). That's
what the function really does. As a side effect this cleans up the
posix_clock namespace for the upcoming dynamic posix_clock
infrastructure.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Tested-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
Cc: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
LKML-Reference: <alpine.LFD.2.00.1102021222240.31804@localhost6.localdomain6>
Extend the negative clockids which are currently used by posix cpu
timers to encode the PID with a file descriptor based type which
encodes the fd in the upper bits.
Originally-from: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134420.062860200@linutronix.de>
A new syscall is introduced that allows tuning of a POSIX clock. The
new call, clock_adjtime, takes two parameters, the clock ID and a
pointer to a struct timex. Any ADJTIMEX(2) operation may be requested
via this system call, but various POSIX clocks may or may not support
tuning.
[ tglx: Adapted to the posix-timer cleanup series. Avoid copy_to_user
in the error case ]
Signed-off-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134419.869804645@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
All functions are accessed via clock_posix_cpu now. So make them static.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134419.389755466@linutronix.de>
The res member of kclock is only used by mmtimer.c, but even there it
contains redundant information. Remove the field and fixup mmtimer.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134418.808714587@linutronix.de>
Use the new kclock decoding function in clock_settime and cleanup all
kclocks which use the default functions. Rename the misnomed
common_clock_set() to posix_clock_realtime_set().
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134418.518851246@linutronix.de>
Use the new kclock decoding function in clock_nanosleep and cleanup all
kclocks which use the default functions.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134418.034175556@linutronix.de>
The CLOCK_DISPATCH() macro is a horrible magic. We call common
functions if a function pointer is not set. That's just backwards.
To support dynamic file decriptor based clocks we need to cleanup that
dispatch logic.
Create a k_clock struct clock_posix_cpu which has all the
posix-cpu-timer functions filled in. After the cleanup the functions
can be made static.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134417.841974553@linutronix.de>
Both settimeofday() and clock_settime() promise with a 'const'
attribute not to alter the arguments passed in. This patch adds the
missing 'const' attribute into the various kernel functions
implementing these calls.
Signed-off-by: Richard Cochran <richard.cochran@omicron.at>
Acked-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
LKML-Reference: <20110201134417.545698637@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Add task_struct as a parameter to update_rlimit_cpu to be able to set
rlimit_cpu of different task than current.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Acked-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Impact: restructure, clean up code
k_itimer holds the ref to the ->it_process until sys_timer_delete(). This
allows to pin up to RLIMIT_SIGPENDING dead task_struct's. Change the code
to use "struct pid *" instead.
The patch doesn't kill ->it_process, it places ->it_pid into the union.
->it_process is still used by do_cpu_nanosleep() as before. It would be
trivial to change the nanosleep code as well, but since it uses it_process
in a special way I think it is better to keep this field for grep.
The patch bloats the kernel by 104 bytes and it also adds the new pointer,
->it_signal, to k_itimer. It is used by lock_timer() to verify that the
found timer was not created by another process. It is not clear why do we
use the global database (and thus the global idr_lock) for posix timers.
We still need the signal_struct->posix_timers which contains all useable
timers, perhaps it is better to use some form of per-process array
instead.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
With the recent changes ->it_sigev_signo and ->it_sigev_value are only
used in sys_timer_create(), kill them.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: mingo@elte.hu
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Overview
This patch reworks the handling of POSIX CPU timers, including the
ITIMER_PROF, ITIMER_VIRT timers and rlimit handling. It was put together
with the help of Roland McGrath, the owner and original writer of this code.
The problem we ran into, and the reason for this rework, has to do with using
a profiling timer in a process with a large number of threads. It appears
that the performance of the old implementation of run_posix_cpu_timers() was
at least O(n*3) (where "n" is the number of threads in a process) or worse.
Everything is fine with an increasing number of threads until the time taken
for that routine to run becomes the same as or greater than the tick time, at
which point things degrade rather quickly.
This patch fixes bug 9906, "Weird hang with NPTL and SIGPROF."
Code Changes
This rework corrects the implementation of run_posix_cpu_timers() to make it
run in constant time for a particular machine. (Performance may vary between
one machine and another depending upon whether the kernel is built as single-
or multiprocessor and, in the latter case, depending upon the number of
running processors.) To do this, at each tick we now update fields in
signal_struct as well as task_struct. The run_posix_cpu_timers() function
uses those fields to make its decisions.
We define a new structure, "task_cputime," to contain user, system and
scheduler times and use these in appropriate places:
struct task_cputime {
cputime_t utime;
cputime_t stime;
unsigned long long sum_exec_runtime;
};
This is included in the structure "thread_group_cputime," which is a new
substructure of signal_struct and which varies for uniprocessor versus
multiprocessor kernels. For uniprocessor kernels, it uses "task_cputime" as
a simple substructure, while for multiprocessor kernels it is a pointer:
struct thread_group_cputime {
struct task_cputime totals;
};
struct thread_group_cputime {
struct task_cputime *totals;
};
We also add a new task_cputime substructure directly to signal_struct, to
cache the earliest expiration of process-wide timers, and task_cputime also
replaces the it_*_expires fields of task_struct (used for earliest expiration
of thread timers). The "thread_group_cputime" structure contains process-wide
timers that are updated via account_user_time() and friends. In the non-SMP
case the structure is a simple aggregator; unfortunately in the SMP case that
simplicity was not achievable due to cache-line contention between CPUs (in
one measured case performance was actually _worse_ on a 16-cpu system than
the same test on a 4-cpu system, due to this contention). For SMP, the
thread_group_cputime counters are maintained as a per-cpu structure allocated
using alloc_percpu(). The timer functions update only the timer field in
the structure corresponding to the running CPU, obtained using per_cpu_ptr().
We define a set of inline functions in sched.h that we use to maintain the
thread_group_cputime structure and hide the differences between UP and SMP
implementations from the rest of the kernel. The thread_group_cputime_init()
function initializes the thread_group_cputime structure for the given task.
The thread_group_cputime_alloc() is a no-op for UP; for SMP it calls the
out-of-line function thread_group_cputime_alloc_smp() to allocate and fill
in the per-cpu structures and fields. The thread_group_cputime_free()
function, also a no-op for UP, in SMP frees the per-cpu structures. The
thread_group_cputime_clone_thread() function (also a UP no-op) for SMP calls
thread_group_cputime_alloc() if the per-cpu structures haven't yet been
allocated. The thread_group_cputime() function fills the task_cputime
structure it is passed with the contents of the thread_group_cputime fields;
in UP it's that simple but in SMP it must also safely check that tsk->signal
is non-NULL (if it is it just uses the appropriate fields of task_struct) and,
if so, sums the per-cpu values for each online CPU. Finally, the three
functions account_group_user_time(), account_group_system_time() and
account_group_exec_runtime() are used by timer functions to update the
respective fields of the thread_group_cputime structure.
Non-SMP operation is trivial and will not be mentioned further.
The per-cpu structure is always allocated when a task creates its first new
thread, via a call to thread_group_cputime_clone_thread() from copy_signal().
It is freed at process exit via a call to thread_group_cputime_free() from
cleanup_signal().
All functions that formerly summed utime/stime/sum_sched_runtime values from
from all threads in the thread group now use thread_group_cputime() to
snapshot the values in the thread_group_cputime structure or the values in
the task structure itself if the per-cpu structure hasn't been allocated.
Finally, the code in kernel/posix-cpu-timers.c has changed quite a bit.
The run_posix_cpu_timers() function has been split into a fast path and a
slow path; the former safely checks whether there are any expired thread
timers and, if not, just returns, while the slow path does the heavy lifting.
With the dedicated thread group fields, timers are no longer "rebalanced" and
the process_timer_rebalance() function and related code has gone away. All
summing loops are gone and all code that used them now uses the
thread_group_cputime() inline. When process-wide timers are set, the new
task_cputime structure in signal_struct is used to cache the earliest
expiration; this is checked in the fast path.
Performance
The fix appears not to add significant overhead to existing operations. It
generally performs the same as the current code except in two cases, one in
which it performs slightly worse (Case 5 below) and one in which it performs
very significantly better (Case 2 below). Overall it's a wash except in those
two cases.
I've since done somewhat more involved testing on a dual-core Opteron system.
Case 1: With no itimer running, for a test with 100,000 threads, the fixed
kernel took 1428.5 seconds, 513 seconds more than the unfixed system,
all of which was spent in the system. There were twice as many
voluntary context switches with the fix as without it.
Case 2: With an itimer running at .01 second ticks and 4000 threads (the most
an unmodified kernel can handle), the fixed kernel ran the test in
eight percent of the time (5.8 seconds as opposed to 70 seconds) and
had better tick accuracy (.012 seconds per tick as opposed to .023
seconds per tick).
Case 3: A 4000-thread test with an initial timer tick of .01 second and an
interval of 10,000 seconds (i.e. a timer that ticks only once) had
very nearly the same performance in both cases: 6.3 seconds elapsed
for the fixed kernel versus 5.5 seconds for the unfixed kernel.
With fewer threads (eight in these tests), the Case 1 test ran in essentially
the same time on both the modified and unmodified kernels (5.2 seconds versus
5.8 seconds). The Case 2 test ran in about the same time as well, 5.9 seconds
versus 5.4 seconds but again with much better tick accuracy, .013 seconds per
tick versus .025 seconds per tick for the unmodified kernel.
Since the fix affected the rlimit code, I also tested soft and hard CPU limits.
Case 4: With a hard CPU limit of 20 seconds and eight threads (and an itimer
running), the modified kernel was very slightly favored in that while
it killed the process in 19.997 seconds of CPU time (5.002 seconds of
wall time), only .003 seconds of that was system time, the rest was
user time. The unmodified kernel killed the process in 20.001 seconds
of CPU (5.014 seconds of wall time) of which .016 seconds was system
time. Really, though, the results were too close to call. The results
were essentially the same with no itimer running.
Case 5: With a soft limit of 20 seconds and a hard limit of 2000 seconds
(where the hard limit would never be reached) and an itimer running,
the modified kernel exhibited worse tick accuracy than the unmodified
kernel: .050 seconds/tick versus .028 seconds/tick. Otherwise,
performance was almost indistinguishable. With no itimer running this
test exhibited virtually identical behavior and times in both cases.
In times past I did some limited performance testing. those results are below.
On a four-cpu Opteron system without this fix, a sixteen-thread test executed
in 3569.991 seconds, of which user was 3568.435s and system was 1.556s. On
the same system with the fix, user and elapsed time were about the same, but
system time dropped to 0.007 seconds. Performance with eight, four and one
thread were comparable. Interestingly, the timer ticks with the fix seemed
more accurate: The sixteen-thread test with the fix received 149543 ticks
for 0.024 seconds per tick, while the same test without the fix received 58720
for 0.061 seconds per tick. Both cases were configured for an interval of
0.01 seconds. Again, the other tests were comparable. Each thread in this
test computed the primes up to 25,000,000.
I also did a test with a large number of threads, 100,000 threads, which is
impossible without the fix. In this case each thread computed the primes only
up to 10,000 (to make the runtime manageable). System time dominated, at
1546.968 seconds out of a total 2176.906 seconds (giving a user time of
629.938s). It received 147651 ticks for 0.015 seconds per tick, still quite
accurate. There is obviously no comparable test without the fix.
Signed-off-by: Frank Mayhar <fmayhar@google.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The clock_nanosleep() function does not return the time remaining when the
sleep is interrupted by a signal.
This patch creates a new call out, compat_clock_nanosleep_restart(), which
handles returning the remaining time after a sleep is interrupted. This
patch revives clock_nanosleep_restart(). It is now accessed via the new
call out. The compat_clock_nanosleep_restart() is used for compatibility
access.
Since this is implemented in compatibility mode the normal path is
virtually unaffected - no real performance impact.
Signed-off-by: Toyo Abe <toyoa@mvista.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This function is neither used nor has any real contents.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Switch clock_nanosleep to use the new nanosleep functions in hrtimer.c
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
add const arguments to the posix-timers.h API functions
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
