capabilities: introduce per-process capability bounding set

The capability bounding set is a set beyond which capabilities cannot grow.
 Currently cap_bset is per-system.  It can be manipulated through sysctl,
but only init can add capabilities.  Root can remove capabilities.  By
default it includes all caps except CAP_SETPCAP.

This patch makes the bounding set per-process when file capabilities are
enabled.  It is inherited at fork from parent.  Noone can add elements,
CAP_SETPCAP is required to remove them.

One example use of this is to start a safer container.  For instance, until
device namespaces or per-container device whitelists are introduced, it is
best to take CAP_MKNOD away from a container.

The bounding set will not affect pP and pE immediately.  It will only
affect pP' and pE' after subsequent exec()s.  It also does not affect pI,
and exec() does not constrain pI'.  So to really start a shell with no way
of regain CAP_MKNOD, you would do

	prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP, CAP_MKNOD);
	cap_t cap = cap_get_proc();
	cap_value_t caparray[1];
	caparray[0] = CAP_MKNOD;
	cap_set_flag(cap, CAP_INHERITABLE, 1, caparray, CAP_DROP);
	cap_set_proc(cap);
	cap_free(cap);

The following test program will get and set the bounding
set (but not pI).  For instance

	./bset get
		(lists capabilities in bset)
	./bset drop cap_net_raw
		(starts shell with new bset)
		(use capset, setuid binary, or binary with
		file capabilities to try to increase caps)

************************************************************
cap_bound.c
************************************************************
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <linux/capability.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>

 #ifndef PR_CAPBSET_READ
 #define PR_CAPBSET_READ 23
 #endif

 #ifndef PR_CAPBSET_DROP
 #define PR_CAPBSET_DROP 24
 #endif

int usage(char *me)
{
	printf("Usage: %s get\n", me);
	printf("       %s drop <capability>\n", me);
	return 1;
}

 #define numcaps 32
char *captable[numcaps] = {
	"cap_chown",
	"cap_dac_override",
	"cap_dac_read_search",
	"cap_fowner",
	"cap_fsetid",
	"cap_kill",
	"cap_setgid",
	"cap_setuid",
	"cap_setpcap",
	"cap_linux_immutable",
	"cap_net_bind_service",
	"cap_net_broadcast",
	"cap_net_admin",
	"cap_net_raw",
	"cap_ipc_lock",
	"cap_ipc_owner",
	"cap_sys_module",
	"cap_sys_rawio",
	"cap_sys_chroot",
	"cap_sys_ptrace",
	"cap_sys_pacct",
	"cap_sys_admin",
	"cap_sys_boot",
	"cap_sys_nice",
	"cap_sys_resource",
	"cap_sys_time",
	"cap_sys_tty_config",
	"cap_mknod",
	"cap_lease",
	"cap_audit_write",
	"cap_audit_control",
	"cap_setfcap"
};

int getbcap(void)
{
	int comma=0;
	unsigned long i;
	int ret;

	printf("i know of %d capabilities\n", numcaps);
	printf("capability bounding set:");
	for (i=0; i<numcaps; i++) {
		ret = prctl(PR_CAPBSET_READ, i);
		if (ret < 0)
			perror("prctl");
		else if (ret==1)
			printf("%s%s", (comma++) ? ", " : " ", captable[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");
	return 0;
}

int capdrop(char *str)
{
	unsigned long i;

	int found=0;
	for (i=0; i<numcaps; i++) {
		if (strcmp(captable[i], str) == 0) {
			found=1;
			break;
		}
	}
	if (!found)
		return 1;
	if (prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP, i)) {
		perror("prctl");
		return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	if (argc<2)
		return usage(argv[0]);
	if (strcmp(argv[1], "get")==0)
		return getbcap();
	if (strcmp(argv[1], "drop")!=0 || argc<3)
		return usage(argv[0]);
	if (capdrop(argv[2])) {
		printf("unknown capability\n");
		return 1;
	}
	return execl("/bin/bash", "/bin/bash", NULL);
}
************************************************************

[serue@us.ibm.com: fix typo]
Signed-off-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew G. Morgan <morgan@kernel.org>
Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Cc: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>a
Signed-off-by: "Serge E. Hallyn" <serue@us.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

include/linux/capability.h

@@ -152,7 +152,9 @@ typedef struct kernel_cap_struct {
  *   Transfer any capability in your permitted set to any pid,
  *   remove any capability in your permitted set from any pid
  * With VFS support for capabilities (neither of above, but)
- *   Add any capability to the current process' inheritable set
+ *   Add any capability from current's capability bounding set
+ *       to the current process' inheritable set
+ *   Allow taking bits out of capability bounding set
  */
 
 #define CAP_SETPCAP          8
@@ -202,7 +204,6 @@ typedef struct kernel_cap_struct {
 #define CAP_IPC_OWNER        15
 
 /* Insert and remove kernel modules - modify kernel without limit */
-/* Modify cap_bset */
 #define CAP_SYS_MODULE       16
 
 /* Allow ioperm/iopl access */
@@ -314,6 +315,10 @@ typedef struct kernel_cap_struct {
 
 #define CAP_SETFCAP	     31
 
+#define CAP_LAST_CAP         CAP_SETFCAP
+
+#define cap_valid(x) ((x) >= 0 && (x) <= CAP_LAST_CAP)
+
 /*
  * Bit location of each capability (used by user-space library and kernel)
  */
@@ -465,6 +470,8 @@ extern const kernel_cap_t __cap_init_eff_set;
 int capable(int cap);
 int __capable(struct task_struct *t, int cap);
 
+extern long cap_prctl_drop(unsigned long cap);
+
 #endif /* __KERNEL__ */
 
 #endif /* !_LINUX_CAPABILITY_H */

include/linux/init_task.h

@@ -121,6 +121,18 @@ extern struct group_info init_groups;
 #else
 #define INIT_IDS
 #endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES
+/*
+ * Because of the reduced scope of CAP_SETPCAP when filesystem
+ * capabilities are in effect, it is safe to allow CAP_SETPCAP to
+ * be available in the default configuration.
+ */
+# define CAP_INIT_BSET  CAP_FULL_SET
+#else
+# define CAP_INIT_BSET  CAP_INIT_EFF_SET
+#endif
+
 /*
  *  INIT_TASK is used to set up the first task table, touch at
  * your own risk!. Base=0, limit=0x1fffff (=2MB)
@@ -156,6 +168,7 @@ extern struct group_info init_groups;
 	.cap_effective	= CAP_INIT_EFF_SET,				\
 	.cap_inheritable = CAP_INIT_INH_SET,				\
 	.cap_permitted	= CAP_FULL_SET,					\
+	.cap_bset 	= CAP_INIT_BSET,				\
 	.keep_capabilities = 0,						\
 	.user		= INIT_USER,					\
 	.comm		= "swapper",					\

include/linux/prctl.h

@@ -63,4 +63,8 @@
 #define PR_GET_SECCOMP	21
 #define PR_SET_SECCOMP	22
 
+/* Get/set the capability bounding set */
+#define PR_CAPBSET_READ 23
+#define PR_CAPBSET_DROP 24
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_PRCTL_H */

include/linux/sched.h

@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ struct task_struct {
 	uid_t uid,euid,suid,fsuid;
 	gid_t gid,egid,sgid,fsgid;
 	struct group_info *group_info;
-	kernel_cap_t   cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted;
+	kernel_cap_t   cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted, cap_bset;
 	unsigned keep_capabilities:1;
 	struct user_struct *user;
 #ifdef CONFIG_KEYS

include/linux/security.h

@@ -40,11 +40,6 @@
 #define ROOTCONTEXT_MNT		0x04
 #define DEFCONTEXT_MNT		0x08
 
-/*
- * Bounding set
- */
-extern kernel_cap_t cap_bset;
-
 extern unsigned securebits;
 
 struct ctl_table;

include/linux/sysctl.h

@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ enum
 	KERN_NODENAME=7,
 	KERN_DOMAINNAME=8,
 
-	KERN_CAP_BSET=14,	/* int: capability bounding set */
 	KERN_PANIC=15,		/* int: panic timeout */
 	KERN_REALROOTDEV=16,	/* real root device to mount after initrd */
 
@@ -965,8 +964,6 @@ extern int proc_dostring(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *,
 			 void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);
 extern int proc_dointvec(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *,
 			 void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);
-extern int proc_dointvec_bset(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *,
-			      void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);
 extern int proc_dointvec_minmax(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *,
 				void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);
 extern int proc_dointvec_jiffies(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *,

kernel/fork.c

@@ -1118,6 +1118,7 @@ static struct task_struct *copy_process(unsigned long clone_flags,
 #ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
 	p->security = NULL;
 #endif
+	p->cap_bset = current->cap_bset;
 	p->io_context = NULL;
 	p->audit_context = NULL;
 	cgroup_fork(p);

kernel/sys.c

@@ -1637,7 +1637,7 @@ asmlinkage long sys_umask(int mask)
 	mask = xchg(&current->fs->umask, mask & S_IRWXUGO);
 	return mask;
 }
-    
+
 asmlinkage long sys_prctl(int option, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3,
 			  unsigned long arg4, unsigned long arg5)
 {
@@ -1742,6 +1742,17 @@ asmlinkage long sys_prctl(int option, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3,
 			error = prctl_set_seccomp(arg2);
 			break;
 
+		case PR_CAPBSET_READ:
+			if (!cap_valid(arg2))
+				return -EINVAL;
+			return !!cap_raised(current->cap_bset, arg2);
+		case PR_CAPBSET_DROP:
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES
+			return cap_prctl_drop(arg2);
+#else
+			return -EINVAL;
+#endif
+
 		default:
 			error = -EINVAL;
 			break;

kernel/sysctl.c

@@ -419,15 +419,6 @@ static struct ctl_table kern_table[] = {
 		.proc_handler	= &proc_dointvec,
 	},
 #endif
-#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES
-	{
-		.procname	= "cap-bound",
-		.data		= &cap_bset,
-		.maxlen		= sizeof(kernel_cap_t),
-		.mode		= 0600,
-		.proc_handler	= &proc_dointvec_bset,
-	},
-#endif /* def CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES */
 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
 	{
 		.ctl_name	= KERN_REALROOTDEV,
@@ -2096,26 +2087,6 @@ static int do_proc_dointvec_bset_conv(int *negp, unsigned long *lvalp,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES
-/*
- *	init may raise the set.
- */
-
-int proc_dointvec_bset(struct ctl_table *table, int write, struct file *filp,
-			void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
-{
-	int op;
-
-	if (write && !capable(CAP_SYS_MODULE)) {
-		return -EPERM;
-	}
-
-	op = is_global_init(current) ? OP_SET : OP_AND;
-	return do_proc_dointvec(table,write,filp,buffer,lenp,ppos,
-				do_proc_dointvec_bset_conv,&op);
-}
-#endif /* def CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES */
-
 /*
  *	Taint values can only be increased
  */
@@ -2529,12 +2500,6 @@ int proc_dointvec(struct ctl_table *table, int write, struct file *filp,
 	return -ENOSYS;
 }
 
-int proc_dointvec_bset(struct ctl_table *table, int write, struct file *filp,
-			void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
-{
-	return -ENOSYS;
-}
-
 int proc_dointvec_minmax(struct ctl_table *table, int write, struct file *filp,
 		    void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
 {

kernel/sysctl_check.c

@@ -37,10 +37,6 @@ static struct trans_ctl_table trans_kern_table[] = {
 	{ KERN_NODENAME,		"hostname" },
 	{ KERN_DOMAINNAME,		"domainname" },
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES
-	{ KERN_CAP_BSET,		"cap-bound" },
-#endif /* def CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES */
-
 	{ KERN_PANIC,			"panic" },
 	{ KERN_REALROOTDEV,		"real-root-dev" },
 
@@ -1498,9 +1494,6 @@ int sysctl_check_table(struct nsproxy *namespaces, struct ctl_table *table)
 			    (table->strategy == sysctl_ms_jiffies) ||
 			    (table->proc_handler == proc_dostring) ||
 			    (table->proc_handler == proc_dointvec) ||
-#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES
-			    (table->proc_handler == proc_dointvec_bset) ||
-#endif /* def CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES */
 			    (table->proc_handler == proc_dointvec_minmax) ||
 			    (table->proc_handler == proc_dointvec_jiffies) ||
 			    (table->proc_handler == proc_dointvec_userhz_jiffies) ||

security/commoncap.c

@@ -25,20 +25,6 @@
 #include <linux/mount.h>
 #include <linux/sched.h>
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES
-/*
- * Because of the reduced scope of CAP_SETPCAP when filesystem
- * capabilities are in effect, it is safe to allow this capability to
- * be available in the default configuration.
- */
-# define CAP_INIT_BSET  CAP_FULL_SET
-#else /* ie. ndef CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES */
-# define CAP_INIT_BSET  CAP_INIT_EFF_SET
-#endif /* def CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES */
-
-kernel_cap_t cap_bset = CAP_INIT_BSET;    /* systemwide capability bound */
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(cap_bset);
-
 /* Global security state */
 
 unsigned securebits = SECUREBITS_DEFAULT; /* systemwide security settings */
@@ -140,6 +126,12 @@ int cap_capset_check (struct task_struct *target, kernel_cap_t *effective,
 		/* incapable of using this inheritable set */
 		return -EPERM;
 	}
+	if (!cap_issubset(*inheritable,
+			   cap_combine(target->cap_inheritable,
+				       current->cap_bset))) {
+		/* no new pI capabilities outside bounding set */
+		return -EPERM;
+	}
 
 	/* verify restrictions on target's new Permitted set */
 	if (!cap_issubset (*permitted,
@@ -337,10 +329,11 @@ void cap_bprm_apply_creds (struct linux_binprm *bprm, int unsafe)
 	/* Derived from fs/exec.c:compute_creds. */
 	kernel_cap_t new_permitted, working;
 
-	new_permitted = cap_intersect (bprm->cap_permitted, cap_bset);
+	new_permitted = cap_intersect(bprm->cap_permitted,
-	working = cap_intersect (bprm->cap_inheritable,
+				 current->cap_bset);
+	working = cap_intersect(bprm->cap_inheritable,
 				 current->cap_inheritable);
-	new_permitted = cap_combine (new_permitted, working);
+	new_permitted = cap_combine(new_permitted, working);
 
 	if (bprm->e_uid != current->uid || bprm->e_gid != current->gid ||
 	    !cap_issubset (new_permitted, current->cap_permitted)) {
@@ -581,6 +574,23 @@ int cap_task_kill(struct task_struct *p, struct siginfo *info,
 
 	return -EPERM;
 }
+
+/*
+ * called from kernel/sys.c for prctl(PR_CABSET_DROP)
+ * done without task_capability_lock() because it introduces
+ * no new races - i.e. only another task doing capget() on
+ * this task could get inconsistent info.  There can be no
+ * racing writer bc a task can only change its own caps.
+ */
+long cap_prctl_drop(unsigned long cap)
+{
+	if (!capable(CAP_SETPCAP))
+		return -EPERM;
+	if (!cap_valid(cap))
+		return -EINVAL;
+	cap_lower(current->cap_bset, cap);
+	return 0;
+}
 #else
 int cap_task_setscheduler (struct task_struct *p, int policy,
 			   struct sched_param *lp)