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thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
/*
* Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat, Inc.
*
* This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2. See
* the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
*/
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/khugepaged.h>
thp: freeze khugepaged and ksmd It's unclear why schedule friendly kernel threads can't be taken away by the CPU through the scheduler itself. It's safer to stop them as they can trigger memory allocation, if kswapd also freezes itself to avoid generating I/O they have too. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
#include <linux/freezer.h>
thp: madvise(MADV_NOHUGEPAGE) Add madvise MADV_NOHUGEPAGE to mark regions that are not important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:17 -07:00
#include <linux/mman.h>
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
#include <asm/tlb.h>
#include <asm/pgalloc.h>
#include "internal.h"
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
/*
* By default transparent hugepage support is enabled for all mappings
* and khugepaged scans all mappings. Defrag is only invoked by
* khugepaged hugepage allocations and by page faults inside
* MADV_HUGEPAGE regions to avoid the risk of slowing down short lived
* allocations.
*/
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
unsigned long transparent_hugepage_flags __read_mostly =
thp: transparent hugepage config choice Allow to choose between the always|madvise default for page faults and khugepaged at config time. madvise guarantees zero risk of higher memory footprint for applications (applications using madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) won't risk to use any more memory by backing their virtual regions with hugepages). Initially set the default to N and don't depend on EMBEDDED. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:07 -07:00
#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_ALWAYS
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
(1<<TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG)|
thp: transparent hugepage config choice Allow to choose between the always|madvise default for page faults and khugepaged at config time. madvise guarantees zero risk of higher memory footprint for applications (applications using madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) won't risk to use any more memory by backing their virtual regions with hugepages). Initially set the default to N and don't depend on EMBEDDED. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:07 -07:00
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_MADVISE
(1<<TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG)|
#endif
thp: enable direct defrag With memory compaction in, and lumpy-reclaim disabled, it seems safe enough to defrag memory during the (synchronous) transparent hugepage page faults (TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_FLAG) and not only during khugepaged (async) hugepage allocations that was already enabled even before memory compaction was in (TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_KHUGEPAGED_FLAG). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
(1<<TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_FLAG)|
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
(1<<TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_KHUGEPAGED_FLAG);
/* default scan 8*512 pte (or vmas) every 30 second */
static unsigned int khugepaged_pages_to_scan __read_mostly = HPAGE_PMD_NR*8;
static unsigned int khugepaged_pages_collapsed;
static unsigned int khugepaged_full_scans;
static unsigned int khugepaged_scan_sleep_millisecs __read_mostly = 10000;
/* during fragmentation poll the hugepage allocator once every minute */
static unsigned int khugepaged_alloc_sleep_millisecs __read_mostly = 60000;
static struct task_struct *khugepaged_thread __read_mostly;
static DEFINE_MUTEX(khugepaged_mutex);
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(khugepaged_mm_lock);
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(khugepaged_wait);
/*
* default collapse hugepages if there is at least one pte mapped like
* it would have happened if the vma was large enough during page
* fault.
*/
static unsigned int khugepaged_max_ptes_none __read_mostly = HPAGE_PMD_NR-1;
static int khugepaged(void *none);
static int mm_slots_hash_init(void);
static int khugepaged_slab_init(void);
static void khugepaged_slab_free(void);
#define MM_SLOTS_HASH_HEADS 1024
static struct hlist_head *mm_slots_hash __read_mostly;
static struct kmem_cache *mm_slot_cache __read_mostly;
/**
* struct mm_slot - hash lookup from mm to mm_slot
* @hash: hash collision list
* @mm_node: khugepaged scan list headed in khugepaged_scan.mm_head
* @mm: the mm that this information is valid for
*/
struct mm_slot {
struct hlist_node hash;
struct list_head mm_node;
struct mm_struct *mm;
};
/**
* struct khugepaged_scan - cursor for scanning
* @mm_head: the head of the mm list to scan
* @mm_slot: the current mm_slot we are scanning
* @address: the next address inside that to be scanned
*
* There is only the one khugepaged_scan instance of this cursor structure.
*/
struct khugepaged_scan {
struct list_head mm_head;
struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
unsigned long address;
} khugepaged_scan = {
.mm_head = LIST_HEAD_INIT(khugepaged_scan.mm_head),
};
thp: set recommended min free kbytes If transparent hugepage is enabled initialize min_free_kbytes to an optimal value by default. This moves the hugeadm algorithm in kernel. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:04 -07:00
static int set_recommended_min_free_kbytes(void)
{
struct zone *zone;
int nr_zones = 0;
unsigned long recommended_min;
extern int min_free_kbytes;
if (!test_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags) &&
!test_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags))
return 0;
for_each_populated_zone(zone)
nr_zones++;
/* Make sure at least 2 hugepages are free for MIGRATE_RESERVE */
recommended_min = pageblock_nr_pages * nr_zones * 2;
/*
* Make sure that on average at least two pageblocks are almost free
* of another type, one for a migratetype to fall back to and a
* second to avoid subsequent fallbacks of other types There are 3
* MIGRATE_TYPES we care about.
*/
recommended_min += pageblock_nr_pages * nr_zones *
MIGRATE_PCPTYPES * MIGRATE_PCPTYPES;
/* don't ever allow to reserve more than 5% of the lowmem */
recommended_min = min(recommended_min,
(unsigned long) nr_free_buffer_pages() / 20);
recommended_min <<= (PAGE_SHIFT-10);
if (recommended_min > min_free_kbytes)
min_free_kbytes = recommended_min;
setup_per_zone_wmarks();
return 0;
}
late_initcall(set_recommended_min_free_kbytes);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
static int start_khugepaged(void)
{
int err = 0;
if (khugepaged_enabled()) {
int wakeup;
if (unlikely(!mm_slot_cache || !mm_slots_hash)) {
err = -ENOMEM;
goto out;
}
mutex_lock(&khugepaged_mutex);
if (!khugepaged_thread)
khugepaged_thread = kthread_run(khugepaged, NULL,
"khugepaged");
if (unlikely(IS_ERR(khugepaged_thread))) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"khugepaged: kthread_run(khugepaged) failed\n");
err = PTR_ERR(khugepaged_thread);
khugepaged_thread = NULL;
}
wakeup = !list_empty(&khugepaged_scan.mm_head);
mutex_unlock(&khugepaged_mutex);
if (wakeup)
wake_up_interruptible(&khugepaged_wait);
thp: set recommended min free kbytes If transparent hugepage is enabled initialize min_free_kbytes to an optimal value by default. This moves the hugeadm algorithm in kernel. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:04 -07:00
set_recommended_min_free_kbytes();
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
} else
/* wakeup to exit */
wake_up_interruptible(&khugepaged_wait);
out:
return err;
}
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
static ssize_t double_flag_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf,
enum transparent_hugepage_flag enabled,
enum transparent_hugepage_flag req_madv)
{
if (test_bit(enabled, &transparent_hugepage_flags)) {
VM_BUG_ON(test_bit(req_madv, &transparent_hugepage_flags));
return sprintf(buf, "[always] madvise never\n");
} else if (test_bit(req_madv, &transparent_hugepage_flags))
return sprintf(buf, "always [madvise] never\n");
else
return sprintf(buf, "always madvise [never]\n");
}
static ssize_t double_flag_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count,
enum transparent_hugepage_flag enabled,
enum transparent_hugepage_flag req_madv)
{
if (!memcmp("always", buf,
min(sizeof("always")-1, count))) {
set_bit(enabled, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
clear_bit(req_madv, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
} else if (!memcmp("madvise", buf,
min(sizeof("madvise")-1, count))) {
clear_bit(enabled, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
set_bit(req_madv, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
} else if (!memcmp("never", buf,
min(sizeof("never")-1, count))) {
clear_bit(enabled, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
clear_bit(req_madv, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
} else
return -EINVAL;
return count;
}
static ssize_t enabled_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
return double_flag_show(kobj, attr, buf,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG);
}
static ssize_t enabled_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
ssize_t ret;
ret = double_flag_store(kobj, attr, buf, count,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG);
if (ret > 0) {
int err = start_khugepaged();
if (err)
ret = err;
}
thp: set recommended min free kbytes If transparent hugepage is enabled initialize min_free_kbytes to an optimal value by default. This moves the hugeadm algorithm in kernel. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:04 -07:00
if (ret > 0 &&
(test_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags) ||
test_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags)))
set_recommended_min_free_kbytes();
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
return ret;
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
}
static struct kobj_attribute enabled_attr =
__ATTR(enabled, 0644, enabled_show, enabled_store);
static ssize_t single_flag_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf,
enum transparent_hugepage_flag flag)
{
if (test_bit(flag, &transparent_hugepage_flags))
return sprintf(buf, "[yes] no\n");
else
return sprintf(buf, "yes [no]\n");
}
static ssize_t single_flag_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count,
enum transparent_hugepage_flag flag)
{
if (!memcmp("yes", buf,
min(sizeof("yes")-1, count))) {
set_bit(flag, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
} else if (!memcmp("no", buf,
min(sizeof("no")-1, count))) {
clear_bit(flag, &transparent_hugepage_flags);
} else
return -EINVAL;
return count;
}
/*
* Currently defrag only disables __GFP_NOWAIT for allocation. A blind
* __GFP_REPEAT is too aggressive, it's never worth swapping tons of
* memory just to allocate one more hugepage.
*/
static ssize_t defrag_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
return double_flag_show(kobj, attr, buf,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_FLAG,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_REQ_MADV_FLAG);
}
static ssize_t defrag_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
return double_flag_store(kobj, attr, buf, count,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_FLAG,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_REQ_MADV_FLAG);
}
static struct kobj_attribute defrag_attr =
__ATTR(defrag, 0644, defrag_show, defrag_store);
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
static ssize_t debug_cow_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
return single_flag_show(kobj, attr, buf,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEBUG_COW_FLAG);
}
static ssize_t debug_cow_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
return single_flag_store(kobj, attr, buf, count,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEBUG_COW_FLAG);
}
static struct kobj_attribute debug_cow_attr =
__ATTR(debug_cow, 0644, debug_cow_show, debug_cow_store);
#endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_VM */
static struct attribute *hugepage_attr[] = {
&enabled_attr.attr,
&defrag_attr.attr,
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
&debug_cow_attr.attr,
#endif
NULL,
};
static struct attribute_group hugepage_attr_group = {
.attrs = hugepage_attr,
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
};
static ssize_t scan_sleep_millisecs_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
char *buf)
{
return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", khugepaged_scan_sleep_millisecs);
}
static ssize_t scan_sleep_millisecs_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
unsigned long msecs;
int err;
err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &msecs);
if (err || msecs > UINT_MAX)
return -EINVAL;
khugepaged_scan_sleep_millisecs = msecs;
wake_up_interruptible(&khugepaged_wait);
return count;
}
static struct kobj_attribute scan_sleep_millisecs_attr =
__ATTR(scan_sleep_millisecs, 0644, scan_sleep_millisecs_show,
scan_sleep_millisecs_store);
static ssize_t alloc_sleep_millisecs_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
char *buf)
{
return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", khugepaged_alloc_sleep_millisecs);
}
static ssize_t alloc_sleep_millisecs_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
unsigned long msecs;
int err;
err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &msecs);
if (err || msecs > UINT_MAX)
return -EINVAL;
khugepaged_alloc_sleep_millisecs = msecs;
wake_up_interruptible(&khugepaged_wait);
return count;
}
static struct kobj_attribute alloc_sleep_millisecs_attr =
__ATTR(alloc_sleep_millisecs, 0644, alloc_sleep_millisecs_show,
alloc_sleep_millisecs_store);
static ssize_t pages_to_scan_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
char *buf)
{
return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", khugepaged_pages_to_scan);
}
static ssize_t pages_to_scan_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
int err;
unsigned long pages;
err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &pages);
if (err || !pages || pages > UINT_MAX)
return -EINVAL;
khugepaged_pages_to_scan = pages;
return count;
}
static struct kobj_attribute pages_to_scan_attr =
__ATTR(pages_to_scan, 0644, pages_to_scan_show,
pages_to_scan_store);
static ssize_t pages_collapsed_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
char *buf)
{
return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", khugepaged_pages_collapsed);
}
static struct kobj_attribute pages_collapsed_attr =
__ATTR_RO(pages_collapsed);
static ssize_t full_scans_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
char *buf)
{
return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", khugepaged_full_scans);
}
static struct kobj_attribute full_scans_attr =
__ATTR_RO(full_scans);
static ssize_t khugepaged_defrag_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
return single_flag_show(kobj, attr, buf,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_KHUGEPAGED_FLAG);
}
static ssize_t khugepaged_defrag_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
return single_flag_store(kobj, attr, buf, count,
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_DEFRAG_KHUGEPAGED_FLAG);
}
static struct kobj_attribute khugepaged_defrag_attr =
__ATTR(defrag, 0644, khugepaged_defrag_show,
khugepaged_defrag_store);
/*
* max_ptes_none controls if khugepaged should collapse hugepages over
* any unmapped ptes in turn potentially increasing the memory
* footprint of the vmas. When max_ptes_none is 0 khugepaged will not
* reduce the available free memory in the system as it
* runs. Increasing max_ptes_none will instead potentially reduce the
* free memory in the system during the khugepaged scan.
*/
static ssize_t khugepaged_max_ptes_none_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
char *buf)
{
return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", khugepaged_max_ptes_none);
}
static ssize_t khugepaged_max_ptes_none_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
int err;
unsigned long max_ptes_none;
err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &max_ptes_none);
if (err || max_ptes_none > HPAGE_PMD_NR-1)
return -EINVAL;
khugepaged_max_ptes_none = max_ptes_none;
return count;
}
static struct kobj_attribute khugepaged_max_ptes_none_attr =
__ATTR(max_ptes_none, 0644, khugepaged_max_ptes_none_show,
khugepaged_max_ptes_none_store);
static struct attribute *khugepaged_attr[] = {
&khugepaged_defrag_attr.attr,
&khugepaged_max_ptes_none_attr.attr,
&pages_to_scan_attr.attr,
&pages_collapsed_attr.attr,
&full_scans_attr.attr,
&scan_sleep_millisecs_attr.attr,
&alloc_sleep_millisecs_attr.attr,
NULL,
};
static struct attribute_group khugepaged_attr_group = {
.attrs = khugepaged_attr,
.name = "khugepaged",
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
};
#endif /* CONFIG_SYSFS */
static int __init hugepage_init(void)
{
int err;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
static struct kobject *hugepage_kobj;
thp: don't allow transparent hugepage support without PSE Archs implementing Transparent Hugepage Support must implement a function called has_transparent_hugepage to be sure the virtual or physical CPU supports Transparent Hugepages. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:09 -07:00
#endif
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
thp: don't allow transparent hugepage support without PSE Archs implementing Transparent Hugepage Support must implement a function called has_transparent_hugepage to be sure the virtual or physical CPU supports Transparent Hugepages. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:09 -07:00
err = -EINVAL;
if (!has_transparent_hugepage()) {
transparent_hugepage_flags = 0;
goto out;
}
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
err = -ENOMEM;
hugepage_kobj = kobject_create_and_add("transparent_hugepage", mm_kobj);
if (unlikely(!hugepage_kobj)) {
printk(KERN_ERR "hugepage: failed kobject create\n");
goto out;
}
err = sysfs_create_group(hugepage_kobj, &hugepage_attr_group);
if (err) {
printk(KERN_ERR "hugepage: failed register hugeage group\n");
goto out;
}
err = sysfs_create_group(hugepage_kobj, &khugepaged_attr_group);
if (err) {
printk(KERN_ERR "hugepage: failed register hugeage group\n");
goto out;
}
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
#endif
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
err = khugepaged_slab_init();
if (err)
goto out;
err = mm_slots_hash_init();
if (err) {
khugepaged_slab_free();
goto out;
}
thp: disable transparent hugepages by default on small systems On small systems, the extra memory used by the anti-fragmentation memory reserve and simply because huge pages are smaller than large pages can easily outweigh the benefits of less TLB misses. A less obvious concern is if run on a NUMA machine with asymmetric node sizes and one of them is very small. The reserve could make the node unusable. In case of the crashdump kernel, OOMs have been observed due to the anti-fragmentation memory reserve taking up a large fraction of the crashdump image. This patch disables transparent hugepages on systems with less than 1GB of RAM, but the hugepage subsystem is fully initialized so administrators can enable THP through /sys if desired. Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: Avi Kiviti <avi@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:12 -07:00
/*
* By default disable transparent hugepages on smaller systems,
* where the extra memory used could hurt more than TLB overhead
* is likely to save. The admin can still enable it through /sys.
*/
if (totalram_pages < (512 << (20 - PAGE_SHIFT)))
transparent_hugepage_flags = 0;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
start_khugepaged();
thp: set recommended min free kbytes If transparent hugepage is enabled initialize min_free_kbytes to an optimal value by default. This moves the hugeadm algorithm in kernel. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:04 -07:00
set_recommended_min_free_kbytes();
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
out:
return err;
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
}
module_init(hugepage_init)
static int __init setup_transparent_hugepage(char *str)
{
int ret = 0;
if (!str)
goto out;
if (!strcmp(str, "always")) {
set_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags);
clear_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags);
ret = 1;
} else if (!strcmp(str, "madvise")) {
clear_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags);
set_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags);
ret = 1;
} else if (!strcmp(str, "never")) {
clear_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags);
clear_bit(TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE_REQ_MADV_FLAG,
&transparent_hugepage_flags);
ret = 1;
}
out:
if (!ret)
printk(KERN_WARNING
"transparent_hugepage= cannot parse, ignored\n");
return ret;
}
__setup("transparent_hugepage=", setup_transparent_hugepage);
static void prepare_pmd_huge_pte(pgtable_t pgtable,
struct mm_struct *mm)
{
assert_spin_locked(&mm->page_table_lock);
/* FIFO */
if (!mm->pmd_huge_pte)
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pgtable->lru);
else
list_add(&pgtable->lru, &mm->pmd_huge_pte->lru);
mm->pmd_huge_pte = pgtable;
}
static inline pmd_t maybe_pmd_mkwrite(pmd_t pmd, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
if (likely(vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE))
pmd = pmd_mkwrite(pmd);
return pmd;
}
static int __do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page(struct mm_struct *mm,
struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long haddr, pmd_t *pmd,
struct page *page)
{
int ret = 0;
pgtable_t pgtable;
VM_BUG_ON(!PageCompound(page));
pgtable = pte_alloc_one(mm, haddr);
if (unlikely(!pgtable)) {
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(page);
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
put_page(page);
return VM_FAULT_OOM;
}
clear_huge_page(page, haddr, HPAGE_PMD_NR);
__SetPageUptodate(page);
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
if (unlikely(!pmd_none(*pmd))) {
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(page);
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
put_page(page);
pte_free(mm, pgtable);
} else {
pmd_t entry;
entry = mk_pmd(page, vma->vm_page_prot);
entry = maybe_pmd_mkwrite(pmd_mkdirty(entry), vma);
entry = pmd_mkhuge(entry);
/*
* The spinlocking to take the lru_lock inside
* page_add_new_anon_rmap() acts as a full memory
* barrier to be sure clear_huge_page writes become
* visible after the set_pmd_at() write.
*/
page_add_new_anon_rmap(page, vma, haddr);
set_pmd_at(mm, haddr, pmd, entry);
prepare_pmd_huge_pte(pgtable, mm);
add_mm_counter(mm, MM_ANONPAGES, HPAGE_PMD_NR);
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
}
return ret;
}
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
static inline gfp_t alloc_hugepage_gfpmask(int defrag)
{
return GFP_TRANSHUGE & ~(defrag ? 0 : __GFP_WAIT);
}
static inline struct page *alloc_hugepage_vma(int defrag,
struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long haddr)
{
return alloc_pages_vma(alloc_hugepage_gfpmask(defrag),
mm: change alloc_pages_vma to pass down the policy node for local policy Currently alloc_pages_vma() always uses the local node as policy node for the LOCAL policy. Pass this node down as an argument instead. No behaviour change from this patch, but will be needed for followons. Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-03-04 18:36:29 -07:00
HPAGE_PMD_ORDER, vma, haddr, numa_node_id());
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
}
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
static inline struct page *alloc_hugepage(int defrag)
{
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
return alloc_pages(alloc_hugepage_gfpmask(defrag),
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
HPAGE_PMD_ORDER);
}
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#endif
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
int do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address, pmd_t *pmd,
unsigned int flags)
{
struct page *page;
unsigned long haddr = address & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
pte_t *pte;
if (haddr >= vma->vm_start && haddr + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE <= vma->vm_end) {
if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
return VM_FAULT_OOM;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
if (unlikely(khugepaged_enter(vma)))
return VM_FAULT_OOM;
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
page = alloc_hugepage_vma(transparent_hugepage_defrag(vma),
vma, haddr);
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
if (unlikely(!page))
goto out;
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
if (unlikely(mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(page, mm, GFP_KERNEL))) {
put_page(page);
goto out;
}
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
return __do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page(mm, vma, haddr, pmd, page);
}
out:
/*
* Use __pte_alloc instead of pte_alloc_map, because we can't
* run pte_offset_map on the pmd, if an huge pmd could
* materialize from under us from a different thread.
*/
if (unlikely(__pte_alloc(mm, vma, pmd, address)))
return VM_FAULT_OOM;
/* if an huge pmd materialized from under us just retry later */
if (unlikely(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)))
return 0;
/*
* A regular pmd is established and it can't morph into a huge pmd
* from under us anymore at this point because we hold the mmap_sem
* read mode and khugepaged takes it in write mode. So now it's
* safe to run pte_offset_map().
*/
pte = pte_offset_map(pmd, address);
return handle_pte_fault(mm, vma, address, pte, pmd, flags);
}
int copy_huge_pmd(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
pmd_t *dst_pmd, pmd_t *src_pmd, unsigned long addr,
struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
struct page *src_page;
pmd_t pmd;
pgtable_t pgtable;
int ret;
ret = -ENOMEM;
pgtable = pte_alloc_one(dst_mm, addr);
if (unlikely(!pgtable))
goto out;
spin_lock(&dst_mm->page_table_lock);
spin_lock_nested(&src_mm->page_table_lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
ret = -EAGAIN;
pmd = *src_pmd;
if (unlikely(!pmd_trans_huge(pmd))) {
pte_free(dst_mm, pgtable);
goto out_unlock;
}
if (unlikely(pmd_trans_splitting(pmd))) {
/* split huge page running from under us */
spin_unlock(&src_mm->page_table_lock);
spin_unlock(&dst_mm->page_table_lock);
pte_free(dst_mm, pgtable);
wait_split_huge_page(vma->anon_vma, src_pmd); /* src_vma */
goto out;
}
src_page = pmd_page(pmd);
VM_BUG_ON(!PageHead(src_page));
get_page(src_page);
page_dup_rmap(src_page);
add_mm_counter(dst_mm, MM_ANONPAGES, HPAGE_PMD_NR);
pmdp_set_wrprotect(src_mm, addr, src_pmd);
pmd = pmd_mkold(pmd_wrprotect(pmd));
set_pmd_at(dst_mm, addr, dst_pmd, pmd);
prepare_pmd_huge_pte(pgtable, dst_mm);
ret = 0;
out_unlock:
spin_unlock(&src_mm->page_table_lock);
spin_unlock(&dst_mm->page_table_lock);
out:
return ret;
}
/* no "address" argument so destroys page coloring of some arch */
pgtable_t get_pmd_huge_pte(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
pgtable_t pgtable;
assert_spin_locked(&mm->page_table_lock);
/* FIFO */
pgtable = mm->pmd_huge_pte;
if (list_empty(&pgtable->lru))
mm->pmd_huge_pte = NULL;
else {
mm->pmd_huge_pte = list_entry(pgtable->lru.next,
struct page, lru);
list_del(&pgtable->lru);
}
return pgtable;
}
static int do_huge_pmd_wp_page_fallback(struct mm_struct *mm,
struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address,
pmd_t *pmd, pmd_t orig_pmd,
struct page *page,
unsigned long haddr)
{
pgtable_t pgtable;
pmd_t _pmd;
int ret = 0, i;
struct page **pages;
pages = kmalloc(sizeof(struct page *) * HPAGE_PMD_NR,
GFP_KERNEL);
if (unlikely(!pages)) {
ret |= VM_FAULT_OOM;
goto out;
}
for (i = 0; i < HPAGE_PMD_NR; i++) {
pages[i] = alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE,
vma, address);
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
if (unlikely(!pages[i] ||
mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(pages[i], mm,
GFP_KERNEL))) {
if (pages[i])
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
put_page(pages[i]);
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
mem_cgroup_uncharge_start();
while (--i >= 0) {
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(pages[i]);
put_page(pages[i]);
}
mem_cgroup_uncharge_end();
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
kfree(pages);
ret |= VM_FAULT_OOM;
goto out;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < HPAGE_PMD_NR; i++) {
copy_user_highpage(pages[i], page + i,
haddr + PAGE_SHIFT*i, vma);
__SetPageUptodate(pages[i]);
cond_resched();
}
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
if (unlikely(!pmd_same(*pmd, orig_pmd)))
goto out_free_pages;
VM_BUG_ON(!PageHead(page));
pmdp_clear_flush_notify(vma, haddr, pmd);
/* leave pmd empty until pte is filled */
pgtable = get_pmd_huge_pte(mm);
pmd_populate(mm, &_pmd, pgtable);
for (i = 0; i < HPAGE_PMD_NR; i++, haddr += PAGE_SIZE) {
pte_t *pte, entry;
entry = mk_pte(pages[i], vma->vm_page_prot);
entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
page_add_new_anon_rmap(pages[i], vma, haddr);
pte = pte_offset_map(&_pmd, haddr);
VM_BUG_ON(!pte_none(*pte));
set_pte_at(mm, haddr, pte, entry);
pte_unmap(pte);
}
kfree(pages);
mm->nr_ptes++;
smp_wmb(); /* make pte visible before pmd */
pmd_populate(mm, pmd, pgtable);
page_remove_rmap(page);
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;
put_page(page);
out:
return ret;
out_free_pages:
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
mem_cgroup_uncharge_start();
for (i = 0; i < HPAGE_PMD_NR; i++) {
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(pages[i]);
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
put_page(pages[i]);
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
}
mem_cgroup_uncharge_end();
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
kfree(pages);
goto out;
}
int do_huge_pmd_wp_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address, pmd_t *pmd, pmd_t orig_pmd)
{
int ret = 0;
struct page *page, *new_page;
unsigned long haddr;
VM_BUG_ON(!vma->anon_vma);
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
if (unlikely(!pmd_same(*pmd, orig_pmd)))
goto out_unlock;
page = pmd_page(orig_pmd);
VM_BUG_ON(!PageCompound(page) || !PageHead(page));
haddr = address & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
if (page_mapcount(page) == 1) {
pmd_t entry;
entry = pmd_mkyoung(orig_pmd);
entry = maybe_pmd_mkwrite(pmd_mkdirty(entry), vma);
if (pmdp_set_access_flags(vma, haddr, pmd, entry, 1))
update_mmu_cache(vma, address, entry);
ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;
goto out_unlock;
}
get_page(page);
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
if (transparent_hugepage_enabled(vma) &&
!transparent_hugepage_debug_cow())
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
new_page = alloc_hugepage_vma(transparent_hugepage_defrag(vma),
vma, haddr);
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
else
new_page = NULL;
if (unlikely(!new_page)) {
ret = do_huge_pmd_wp_page_fallback(mm, vma, address,
pmd, orig_pmd, page, haddr);
put_page(page);
goto out;
}
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
if (unlikely(mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(new_page, mm, GFP_KERNEL))) {
put_page(new_page);
put_page(page);
ret |= VM_FAULT_OOM;
goto out;
}
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
copy_user_huge_page(new_page, page, haddr, vma, HPAGE_PMD_NR);
__SetPageUptodate(new_page);
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
put_page(page);
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
if (unlikely(!pmd_same(*pmd, orig_pmd))) {
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(new_page);
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
put_page(new_page);
thp: memcg huge memory Add memcg charge/uncharge to hugepage faults in huge_memory.c. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:57 -07:00
} else {
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
pmd_t entry;
VM_BUG_ON(!PageHead(page));
entry = mk_pmd(new_page, vma->vm_page_prot);
entry = maybe_pmd_mkwrite(pmd_mkdirty(entry), vma);
entry = pmd_mkhuge(entry);
pmdp_clear_flush_notify(vma, haddr, pmd);
page_add_new_anon_rmap(new_page, vma, haddr);
set_pmd_at(mm, haddr, pmd, entry);
update_mmu_cache(vma, address, entry);
page_remove_rmap(page);
put_page(page);
ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;
}
out_unlock:
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
out:
return ret;
}
struct page *follow_trans_huge_pmd(struct mm_struct *mm,
unsigned long addr,
pmd_t *pmd,
unsigned int flags)
{
struct page *page = NULL;
assert_spin_locked(&mm->page_table_lock);
if (flags & FOLL_WRITE && !pmd_write(*pmd))
goto out;
page = pmd_page(*pmd);
VM_BUG_ON(!PageHead(page));
if (flags & FOLL_TOUCH) {
pmd_t _pmd;
/*
* We should set the dirty bit only for FOLL_WRITE but
* for now the dirty bit in the pmd is meaningless.
* And if the dirty bit will become meaningful and
* we'll only set it with FOLL_WRITE, an atomic
* set_bit will be required on the pmd to set the
* young bit, instead of the current set_pmd_at.
*/
_pmd = pmd_mkyoung(pmd_mkdirty(*pmd));
set_pmd_at(mm, addr & HPAGE_PMD_MASK, pmd, _pmd);
}
page += (addr & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
VM_BUG_ON(!PageCompound(page));
if (flags & FOLL_GET)
get_page(page);
out:
return page;
}
int zap_huge_pmd(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
pmd_t *pmd)
{
int ret = 0;
spin_lock(&tlb->mm->page_table_lock);
if (likely(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))) {
if (unlikely(pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd))) {
spin_unlock(&tlb->mm->page_table_lock);
wait_split_huge_page(vma->anon_vma,
pmd);
} else {
struct page *page;
pgtable_t pgtable;
pgtable = get_pmd_huge_pte(tlb->mm);
page = pmd_page(*pmd);
pmd_clear(pmd);
page_remove_rmap(page);
VM_BUG_ON(page_mapcount(page) < 0);
add_mm_counter(tlb->mm, MM_ANONPAGES, -HPAGE_PMD_NR);
VM_BUG_ON(!PageHead(page));
spin_unlock(&tlb->mm->page_table_lock);
tlb_remove_page(tlb, page);
pte_free(tlb->mm, pgtable);
ret = 1;
}
} else
spin_unlock(&tlb->mm->page_table_lock);
return ret;
}
thp: mincore transparent hugepage support Handle transparent huge page pmd entries natively instead of splitting them into subpages. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:02 -07:00
int mincore_huge_pmd(struct vm_area_struct *vma, pmd_t *pmd,
unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
unsigned char *vec)
{
int ret = 0;
spin_lock(&vma->vm_mm->page_table_lock);
if (likely(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))) {
ret = !pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd);
spin_unlock(&vma->vm_mm->page_table_lock);
if (unlikely(!ret))
wait_split_huge_page(vma->anon_vma, pmd);
else {
/*
* All logical pages in the range are present
* if backed by a huge page.
*/
memset(vec, 1, (end - addr) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
}
} else
spin_unlock(&vma->vm_mm->page_table_lock);
return ret;
}
thp: mprotect: transparent huge page support Natively handle huge pmds when changing page tables on behalf of mprotect(). I left out update_mmu_cache() because we do not need it on x86 anyway but more importantly the interface works on ptes, not pmds. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:04 -07:00
int change_huge_pmd(struct vm_area_struct *vma, pmd_t *pmd,
unsigned long addr, pgprot_t newprot)
{
struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
int ret = 0;
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
if (likely(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))) {
if (unlikely(pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd))) {
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
wait_split_huge_page(vma->anon_vma, pmd);
} else {
pmd_t entry;
entry = pmdp_get_and_clear(mm, addr, pmd);
entry = pmd_modify(entry, newprot);
set_pmd_at(mm, addr, pmd, entry);
spin_unlock(&vma->vm_mm->page_table_lock);
flush_tlb_range(vma, addr, addr + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE);
ret = 1;
}
} else
spin_unlock(&vma->vm_mm->page_table_lock);
return ret;
}
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
pmd_t *page_check_address_pmd(struct page *page,
struct mm_struct *mm,
unsigned long address,
enum page_check_address_pmd_flag flag)
{
pgd_t *pgd;
pud_t *pud;
pmd_t *pmd, *ret = NULL;
if (address & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK)
goto out;
pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
goto out;
pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
if (!pud_present(*pud))
goto out;
pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
if (pmd_none(*pmd))
goto out;
if (pmd_page(*pmd) != page)
goto out;
thp: avoid breaking huge pmd invariants in case of vma_adjust failures An huge pmd can only be mapped if the corresponding 2M virtual range is fully contained in the vma. At times the VM calls split_vma twice, if the first split_vma succeeds and the second fail, the first split_vma remains in effect and it's not rolled back. For split_vma or vma_adjust to fail an allocation failure is needed so it's a very unlikely event (the out of memory killer would normally fire before any allocation failure is visible to kernel and userland and if an out of memory condition happens it's unlikely to happen exactly here). Nevertheless it's safer to ensure that no huge pmd can be left around if the vma is adjusted in a way that can't fit hugepages anymore at the new vm_start/vm_end address. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:08 -07:00
/*
* split_vma() may create temporary aliased mappings. There is
* no risk as long as all huge pmd are found and have their
* splitting bit set before __split_huge_page_refcount
* runs. Finding the same huge pmd more than once during the
* same rmap walk is not a problem.
*/
if (flag == PAGE_CHECK_ADDRESS_PMD_NOTSPLITTING_FLAG &&
pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd))
goto out;
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
if (pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)) {
VM_BUG_ON(flag == PAGE_CHECK_ADDRESS_PMD_SPLITTING_FLAG &&
!pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd));
ret = pmd;
}
out:
return ret;
}
static int __split_huge_page_splitting(struct page *page,
struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address)
{
struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
pmd_t *pmd;
int ret = 0;
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
pmd = page_check_address_pmd(page, mm, address,
PAGE_CHECK_ADDRESS_PMD_NOTSPLITTING_FLAG);
if (pmd) {
/*
* We can't temporarily set the pmd to null in order
* to split it, the pmd must remain marked huge at all
* times or the VM won't take the pmd_trans_huge paths
* and it won't wait on the anon_vma->root->lock to
* serialize against split_huge_page*.
*/
pmdp_splitting_flush_notify(vma, address, pmd);
ret = 1;
}
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
return ret;
}
static void __split_huge_page_refcount(struct page *page)
{
int i;
unsigned long head_index = page->index;
struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);
thp: fix anon memory statistics with transparent hugepages Count each transparent hugepage as HPAGE_PMD_NR pages in the LRU statistics, so the Active(anon) and Inactive(anon) statistics in /proc/meminfo are correct. Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:13 -07:00
int zonestat;
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
/* prevent PageLRU to go away from under us, and freeze lru stats */
spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
compound_lock(page);
for (i = 1; i < HPAGE_PMD_NR; i++) {
struct page *page_tail = page + i;
/* tail_page->_count cannot change */
atomic_sub(atomic_read(&page_tail->_count), &page->_count);
BUG_ON(page_count(page) <= 0);
atomic_add(page_mapcount(page) + 1, &page_tail->_count);
BUG_ON(atomic_read(&page_tail->_count) <= 0);
/* after clearing PageTail the gup refcount can be released */
smp_mb();
thp: fix the wrong reported address of hwpoisoned hugepages When the tail page of THP is poisoned, the head page will be poisoned too. And the wrong address, address of head page, will be sent with sigbus always. So when the poisoned page is used by Guest OS which is running on KVM, after the address changing(hva->gpa) by qemu, the unexpected process on Guest OS will be killed by sigbus. What we expected is that the process using the poisoned tail page could be killed on Guest OS, but not that the process using the healthy head page is killed. Since it is not good to poison the healthy page, avoid poisoning other than the page which is really poisoned. (While we poison all pages in a huge page in case of hugetlb, we can do this for THP thanks to split_huge_page().) Here we fix two parts: 1. Isolate the poisoned page only to make sure the reported address is the address of poisoned page. 2. make the poisoned page work as the poisoned regular page. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix spello in comment] Signed-off-by: Jin Dongming <jin.dongming@np.css.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-01 16:52:40 -07:00
/*
* retain hwpoison flag of the poisoned tail page:
* fix for the unsuitable process killed on Guest Machine(KVM)
* by the memory-failure.
*/
page_tail->flags &= ~PAGE_FLAGS_CHECK_AT_PREP | __PG_HWPOISON;
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
page_tail->flags |= (page->flags &
((1L << PG_referenced) |
(1L << PG_swapbacked) |
(1L << PG_mlocked) |
(1L << PG_uptodate)));
page_tail->flags |= (1L << PG_dirty);
/*
* 1) clear PageTail before overwriting first_page
* 2) clear PageTail before clearing PageHead for VM_BUG_ON
*/
smp_wmb();
/*
* __split_huge_page_splitting() already set the
* splitting bit in all pmd that could map this
* hugepage, that will ensure no CPU can alter the
* mapcount on the head page. The mapcount is only
* accounted in the head page and it has to be
* transferred to all tail pages in the below code. So
* for this code to be safe, the split the mapcount
* can't change. But that doesn't mean userland can't
* keep changing and reading the page contents while
* we transfer the mapcount, so the pmd splitting
* status is achieved setting a reserved bit in the
* pmd, not by clearing the present bit.
*/
BUG_ON(page_mapcount(page_tail));
page_tail->_mapcount = page->_mapcount;
BUG_ON(page_tail->mapping);
page_tail->mapping = page->mapping;
page_tail->index = ++head_index;
BUG_ON(!PageAnon(page_tail));
BUG_ON(!PageUptodate(page_tail));
BUG_ON(!PageDirty(page_tail));
BUG_ON(!PageSwapBacked(page_tail));
memcg: fix USED bit handling at uncharge in THP Now, under THP: at charge: - PageCgroupUsed bit is set to all page_cgroup on a hugepage. ....set to 512 pages. at uncharge - PageCgroupUsed bit is unset on the head page. So, some pages will remain with "Used" bit. This patch fixes that Used bit is set only to the head page. Used bits for tail pages will be set at splitting if necessary. This patch adds this lock order: compound_lock() -> page_cgroup_move_lock(). [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning] Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp> Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-20 15:44:24 -07:00
mem_cgroup_split_huge_fixup(page, page_tail);
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
lru_add_page_tail(zone, page, page_tail);
}
thp: transparent hugepage vmstat Add hugepage stat information to /proc/vmstat and /proc/meminfo. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
__dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_ANON_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGES);
__mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ANON_PAGES, HPAGE_PMD_NR);
thp: fix anon memory statistics with transparent hugepages Count each transparent hugepage as HPAGE_PMD_NR pages in the LRU statistics, so the Active(anon) and Inactive(anon) statistics in /proc/meminfo are correct. Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:13 -07:00
/*
* A hugepage counts for HPAGE_PMD_NR pages on the LRU statistics,
* so adjust those appropriately if this page is on the LRU.
*/
if (PageLRU(page)) {
zonestat = NR_LRU_BASE + page_lru(page);
__mod_zone_page_state(zone, zonestat, -(HPAGE_PMD_NR-1));
}
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
ClearPageCompound(page);
compound_unlock(page);
spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
for (i = 1; i < HPAGE_PMD_NR; i++) {
struct page *page_tail = page + i;
BUG_ON(page_count(page_tail) <= 0);
/*
* Tail pages may be freed if there wasn't any mapping
* like if add_to_swap() is running on a lru page that
* had its mapping zapped. And freeing these pages
* requires taking the lru_lock so we do the put_page
* of the tail pages after the split is complete.
*/
put_page(page_tail);
}
/*
* Only the head page (now become a regular page) is required
* to be pinned by the caller.
*/
BUG_ON(page_count(page) <= 0);
}
static int __split_huge_page_map(struct page *page,
struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address)
{
struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
pmd_t *pmd, _pmd;
int ret = 0, i;
pgtable_t pgtable;
unsigned long haddr;
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
pmd = page_check_address_pmd(page, mm, address,
PAGE_CHECK_ADDRESS_PMD_SPLITTING_FLAG);
if (pmd) {
pgtable = get_pmd_huge_pte(mm);
pmd_populate(mm, &_pmd, pgtable);
for (i = 0, haddr = address; i < HPAGE_PMD_NR;
i++, haddr += PAGE_SIZE) {
pte_t *pte, entry;
BUG_ON(PageCompound(page+i));
entry = mk_pte(page + i, vma->vm_page_prot);
entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
if (!pmd_write(*pmd))
entry = pte_wrprotect(entry);
else
BUG_ON(page_mapcount(page) != 1);
if (!pmd_young(*pmd))
entry = pte_mkold(entry);
pte = pte_offset_map(&_pmd, haddr);
BUG_ON(!pte_none(*pte));
set_pte_at(mm, haddr, pte, entry);
pte_unmap(pte);
}
mm->nr_ptes++;
smp_wmb(); /* make pte visible before pmd */
/*
* Up to this point the pmd is present and huge and
* userland has the whole access to the hugepage
* during the split (which happens in place). If we
* overwrite the pmd with the not-huge version
* pointing to the pte here (which of course we could
* if all CPUs were bug free), userland could trigger
* a small page size TLB miss on the small sized TLB
* while the hugepage TLB entry is still established
* in the huge TLB. Some CPU doesn't like that. See
* http://support.amd.com/us/Processor_TechDocs/41322.pdf,
* Erratum 383 on page 93. Intel should be safe but is
* also warns that it's only safe if the permission
* and cache attributes of the two entries loaded in
* the two TLB is identical (which should be the case
* here). But it is generally safer to never allow
* small and huge TLB entries for the same virtual
* address to be loaded simultaneously. So instead of
* doing "pmd_populate(); flush_tlb_range();" we first
* mark the current pmd notpresent (atomically because
* here the pmd_trans_huge and pmd_trans_splitting
* must remain set at all times on the pmd until the
* split is complete for this pmd), then we flush the
* SMP TLB and finally we write the non-huge version
* of the pmd entry with pmd_populate.
*/
set_pmd_at(mm, address, pmd, pmd_mknotpresent(*pmd));
flush_tlb_range(vma, address, address + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE);
pmd_populate(mm, pmd, pgtable);
ret = 1;
}
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
return ret;
}
/* must be called with anon_vma->root->lock hold */
static void __split_huge_page(struct page *page,
struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
int mapcount, mapcount2;
struct anon_vma_chain *avc;
BUG_ON(!PageHead(page));
BUG_ON(PageTail(page));
mapcount = 0;
list_for_each_entry(avc, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
struct vm_area_struct *vma = avc->vma;
unsigned long addr = vma_address(page, vma);
BUG_ON(is_vma_temporary_stack(vma));
if (addr == -EFAULT)
continue;
mapcount += __split_huge_page_splitting(page, vma, addr);
}
thp: split_huge_page anon_vma ordering dependency This documents how split_huge_page is safe vs new vma inserctions into the anon_vma that may have already released the anon_vma->lock but not established pmds yet when split_huge_page starts. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:53 -07:00
/*
* It is critical that new vmas are added to the tail of the
* anon_vma list. This guarantes that if copy_huge_pmd() runs
* and establishes a child pmd before
* __split_huge_page_splitting() freezes the parent pmd (so if
* we fail to prevent copy_huge_pmd() from running until the
* whole __split_huge_page() is complete), we will still see
* the newly established pmd of the child later during the
* walk, to be able to set it as pmd_trans_splitting too.
*/
if (mapcount != page_mapcount(page))
printk(KERN_ERR "mapcount %d page_mapcount %d\n",
mapcount, page_mapcount(page));
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
BUG_ON(mapcount != page_mapcount(page));
__split_huge_page_refcount(page);
mapcount2 = 0;
list_for_each_entry(avc, &anon_vma->head, same_anon_vma) {
struct vm_area_struct *vma = avc->vma;
unsigned long addr = vma_address(page, vma);
BUG_ON(is_vma_temporary_stack(vma));
if (addr == -EFAULT)
continue;
mapcount2 += __split_huge_page_map(page, vma, addr);
}
thp: split_huge_page anon_vma ordering dependency This documents how split_huge_page is safe vs new vma inserctions into the anon_vma that may have already released the anon_vma->lock but not established pmds yet when split_huge_page starts. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:53 -07:00
if (mapcount != mapcount2)
printk(KERN_ERR "mapcount %d mapcount2 %d page_mapcount %d\n",
mapcount, mapcount2, page_mapcount(page));
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
BUG_ON(mapcount != mapcount2);
}
int split_huge_page(struct page *page)
{
struct anon_vma *anon_vma;
int ret = 1;
BUG_ON(!PageAnon(page));
anon_vma = page_lock_anon_vma(page);
if (!anon_vma)
goto out;
ret = 0;
if (!PageCompound(page))
goto out_unlock;
BUG_ON(!PageSwapBacked(page));
__split_huge_page(page, anon_vma);
BUG_ON(PageCompound(page));
out_unlock:
page_unlock_anon_vma(anon_vma);
out:
return ret;
}
thp: khugepaged: make khugepaged aware about madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_NOHUGEPAGE were fully effective only if run after mmap and before touching the memory. While this is enough for most usages, it's little effort to make madvise more dynamic at runtime on an existing mapping by making khugepaged aware about madvise. MADV_HUGEPAGE: register in khugepaged immediately without waiting a page fault (that may not ever happen if all pages are already mapped and the "enabled" knob was set to madvise during the initial page faults). MADV_NOHUGEPAGE: skip vmas marked VM_NOHUGEPAGE in khugepaged to stop collapsing pages where not needed. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment] Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:18 -07:00
int hugepage_madvise(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long *vm_flags, int advice)
thp: madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) Add madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE to mark regions that are important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:55 -07:00
{
thp: madvise(MADV_NOHUGEPAGE) Add madvise MADV_NOHUGEPAGE to mark regions that are not important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:17 -07:00
switch (advice) {
case MADV_HUGEPAGE:
/*
* Be somewhat over-protective like KSM for now!
*/
if (*vm_flags & (VM_HUGEPAGE |
VM_SHARED | VM_MAYSHARE |
VM_PFNMAP | VM_IO | VM_DONTEXPAND |
VM_RESERVED | VM_HUGETLB | VM_INSERTPAGE |
VM_MIXEDMAP | VM_SAO))
return -EINVAL;
*vm_flags &= ~VM_NOHUGEPAGE;
*vm_flags |= VM_HUGEPAGE;
thp: khugepaged: make khugepaged aware about madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_NOHUGEPAGE were fully effective only if run after mmap and before touching the memory. While this is enough for most usages, it's little effort to make madvise more dynamic at runtime on an existing mapping by making khugepaged aware about madvise. MADV_HUGEPAGE: register in khugepaged immediately without waiting a page fault (that may not ever happen if all pages are already mapped and the "enabled" knob was set to madvise during the initial page faults). MADV_NOHUGEPAGE: skip vmas marked VM_NOHUGEPAGE in khugepaged to stop collapsing pages where not needed. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment] Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:18 -07:00
/*
* If the vma become good for khugepaged to scan,
* register it here without waiting a page fault that
* may not happen any time soon.
*/
if (unlikely(khugepaged_enter_vma_merge(vma)))
return -ENOMEM;
thp: madvise(MADV_NOHUGEPAGE) Add madvise MADV_NOHUGEPAGE to mark regions that are not important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:17 -07:00
break;
case MADV_NOHUGEPAGE:
/*
* Be somewhat over-protective like KSM for now!
*/
if (*vm_flags & (VM_NOHUGEPAGE |
VM_SHARED | VM_MAYSHARE |
VM_PFNMAP | VM_IO | VM_DONTEXPAND |
VM_RESERVED | VM_HUGETLB | VM_INSERTPAGE |
VM_MIXEDMAP | VM_SAO))
return -EINVAL;
*vm_flags &= ~VM_HUGEPAGE;
*vm_flags |= VM_NOHUGEPAGE;
thp: khugepaged: make khugepaged aware about madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_NOHUGEPAGE were fully effective only if run after mmap and before touching the memory. While this is enough for most usages, it's little effort to make madvise more dynamic at runtime on an existing mapping by making khugepaged aware about madvise. MADV_HUGEPAGE: register in khugepaged immediately without waiting a page fault (that may not ever happen if all pages are already mapped and the "enabled" knob was set to madvise during the initial page faults). MADV_NOHUGEPAGE: skip vmas marked VM_NOHUGEPAGE in khugepaged to stop collapsing pages where not needed. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment] Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:18 -07:00
/*
* Setting VM_NOHUGEPAGE will prevent khugepaged from scanning
* this vma even if we leave the mm registered in khugepaged if
* it got registered before VM_NOHUGEPAGE was set.
*/
thp: madvise(MADV_NOHUGEPAGE) Add madvise MADV_NOHUGEPAGE to mark regions that are not important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:17 -07:00
break;
}
thp: madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) Add madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE to mark regions that are important to be hugepage backed. Return -EINVAL if the vma is not of an anonymous type, or the feature isn't built into the kernel. Never silently return success. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:55 -07:00
return 0;
}
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
static int __init khugepaged_slab_init(void)
{
mm_slot_cache = kmem_cache_create("khugepaged_mm_slot",
sizeof(struct mm_slot),
__alignof__(struct mm_slot), 0, NULL);
if (!mm_slot_cache)
return -ENOMEM;
return 0;
}
static void __init khugepaged_slab_free(void)
{
kmem_cache_destroy(mm_slot_cache);
mm_slot_cache = NULL;
}
static inline struct mm_slot *alloc_mm_slot(void)
{
if (!mm_slot_cache) /* initialization failed */
return NULL;
return kmem_cache_zalloc(mm_slot_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
}
static inline void free_mm_slot(struct mm_slot *mm_slot)
{
kmem_cache_free(mm_slot_cache, mm_slot);
}
static int __init mm_slots_hash_init(void)
{
mm_slots_hash = kzalloc(MM_SLOTS_HASH_HEADS * sizeof(struct hlist_head),
GFP_KERNEL);
if (!mm_slots_hash)
return -ENOMEM;
return 0;
}
#if 0
static void __init mm_slots_hash_free(void)
{
kfree(mm_slots_hash);
mm_slots_hash = NULL;
}
#endif
static struct mm_slot *get_mm_slot(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
struct hlist_head *bucket;
struct hlist_node *node;
bucket = &mm_slots_hash[((unsigned long)mm / sizeof(struct mm_struct))
% MM_SLOTS_HASH_HEADS];
hlist_for_each_entry(mm_slot, node, bucket, hash) {
if (mm == mm_slot->mm)
return mm_slot;
}
return NULL;
}
static void insert_to_mm_slots_hash(struct mm_struct *mm,
struct mm_slot *mm_slot)
{
struct hlist_head *bucket;
bucket = &mm_slots_hash[((unsigned long)mm / sizeof(struct mm_struct))
% MM_SLOTS_HASH_HEADS];
mm_slot->mm = mm;
hlist_add_head(&mm_slot->hash, bucket);
}
static inline int khugepaged_test_exit(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
return atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0;
}
int __khugepaged_enter(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
int wakeup;
mm_slot = alloc_mm_slot();
if (!mm_slot)
return -ENOMEM;
/* __khugepaged_exit() must not run from under us */
VM_BUG_ON(khugepaged_test_exit(mm));
if (unlikely(test_and_set_bit(MMF_VM_HUGEPAGE, &mm->flags))) {
free_mm_slot(mm_slot);
return 0;
}
spin_lock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
insert_to_mm_slots_hash(mm, mm_slot);
/*
* Insert just behind the scanning cursor, to let the area settle
* down a little.
*/
wakeup = list_empty(&khugepaged_scan.mm_head);
list_add_tail(&mm_slot->mm_node, &khugepaged_scan.mm_head);
spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
if (wakeup)
wake_up_interruptible(&khugepaged_wait);
return 0;
}
int khugepaged_enter_vma_merge(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
unsigned long hstart, hend;
if (!vma->anon_vma)
/*
* Not yet faulted in so we will register later in the
* page fault if needed.
*/
return 0;
if (vma->vm_file || vma->vm_ops)
/* khugepaged not yet working on file or special mappings */
return 0;
VM_BUG_ON(is_linear_pfn_mapping(vma) || is_pfn_mapping(vma));
hstart = (vma->vm_start + ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK) & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
hend = vma->vm_end & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
if (hstart < hend)
return khugepaged_enter(vma);
return 0;
}
void __khugepaged_exit(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
int free = 0;
spin_lock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
mm_slot = get_mm_slot(mm);
if (mm_slot && khugepaged_scan.mm_slot != mm_slot) {
hlist_del(&mm_slot->hash);
list_del(&mm_slot->mm_node);
free = 1;
}
if (free) {
spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
clear_bit(MMF_VM_HUGEPAGE, &mm->flags);
free_mm_slot(mm_slot);
mmdrop(mm);
} else if (mm_slot) {
spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
/*
* This is required to serialize against
* khugepaged_test_exit() (which is guaranteed to run
* under mmap sem read mode). Stop here (after we
* return all pagetables will be destroyed) until
* khugepaged has finished working on the pagetables
* under the mmap_sem.
*/
down_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
} else
spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
}
static void release_pte_page(struct page *page)
{
/* 0 stands for page_is_file_cache(page) == false */
dec_zone_page_state(page, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + 0);
unlock_page(page);
putback_lru_page(page);
}
static void release_pte_pages(pte_t *pte, pte_t *_pte)
{
while (--_pte >= pte) {
pte_t pteval = *_pte;
if (!pte_none(pteval))
release_pte_page(pte_page(pteval));
}
}
static void release_all_pte_pages(pte_t *pte)
{
release_pte_pages(pte, pte + HPAGE_PMD_NR);
}
static int __collapse_huge_page_isolate(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address,
pte_t *pte)
{
struct page *page;
pte_t *_pte;
int referenced = 0, isolated = 0, none = 0;
for (_pte = pte; _pte < pte+HPAGE_PMD_NR;
_pte++, address += PAGE_SIZE) {
pte_t pteval = *_pte;
if (pte_none(pteval)) {
if (++none <= khugepaged_max_ptes_none)
continue;
else {
release_pte_pages(pte, _pte);
goto out;
}
}
if (!pte_present(pteval) || !pte_write(pteval)) {
release_pte_pages(pte, _pte);
goto out;
}
page = vm_normal_page(vma, address, pteval);
if (unlikely(!page)) {
release_pte_pages(pte, _pte);
goto out;
}
VM_BUG_ON(PageCompound(page));
BUG_ON(!PageAnon(page));
VM_BUG_ON(!PageSwapBacked(page));
/* cannot use mapcount: can't collapse if there's a gup pin */
if (page_count(page) != 1) {
release_pte_pages(pte, _pte);
goto out;
}
/*
* We can do it before isolate_lru_page because the
* page can't be freed from under us. NOTE: PG_lock
* is needed to serialize against split_huge_page
* when invoked from the VM.
*/
if (!trylock_page(page)) {
release_pte_pages(pte, _pte);
goto out;
}
/*
* Isolate the page to avoid collapsing an hugepage
* currently in use by the VM.
*/
if (isolate_lru_page(page)) {
unlock_page(page);
release_pte_pages(pte, _pte);
goto out;
}
/* 0 stands for page_is_file_cache(page) == false */
inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + 0);
VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page));
/* If there is no mapped pte young don't collapse the page */
thp: mmu_notifier_test_young For GRU and EPT, we need gup-fast to set referenced bit too (this is why it's correct to return 0 when shadow_access_mask is zero, it requires gup-fast to set the referenced bit). qemu-kvm access already sets the young bit in the pte if it isn't zero-copy, if it's zero copy or a shadow paging EPT minor fault we relay on gup-fast to signal the page is in use... We also need to check the young bits on the secondary pagetables for NPT and not nested shadow mmu as the data may never get accessed again by the primary pte. Without this closer accuracy, we'd have to remove the heuristic that avoids collapsing hugepages in hugepage virtual regions that have not even a single subpage in use. ->test_young is full backwards compatible with GRU and other usages that don't have young bits in pagetables set by the hardware and that should nuke the secondary mmu mappings when ->clear_flush_young runs just like EPT does. Removing the heuristic that checks the young bit in khugepaged/collapse_huge_page completely isn't so bad either probably but I thought it was worth it and this makes it reliable. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
if (pte_young(pteval) || PageReferenced(page) ||
mmu_notifier_test_young(vma->vm_mm, address))
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
referenced = 1;
}
if (unlikely(!referenced))
release_all_pte_pages(pte);
else
isolated = 1;
out:
return isolated;
}
static void __collapse_huge_page_copy(pte_t *pte, struct page *page,
struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address,
spinlock_t *ptl)
{
pte_t *_pte;
for (_pte = pte; _pte < pte+HPAGE_PMD_NR; _pte++) {
pte_t pteval = *_pte;
struct page *src_page;
if (pte_none(pteval)) {
clear_user_highpage(page, address);
add_mm_counter(vma->vm_mm, MM_ANONPAGES, 1);
} else {
src_page = pte_page(pteval);
copy_user_highpage(page, src_page, address, vma);
VM_BUG_ON(page_mapcount(src_page) != 1);
VM_BUG_ON(page_count(src_page) != 2);
release_pte_page(src_page);
/*
* ptl mostly unnecessary, but preempt has to
* be disabled to update the per-cpu stats
* inside page_remove_rmap().
*/
spin_lock(ptl);
/*
* paravirt calls inside pte_clear here are
* superfluous.
*/
pte_clear(vma->vm_mm, address, _pte);
page_remove_rmap(src_page);
spin_unlock(ptl);
free_page_and_swap_cache(src_page);
}
address += PAGE_SIZE;
page++;
}
}
static void collapse_huge_page(struct mm_struct *mm,
unsigned long address,
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
struct page **hpage,
struct vm_area_struct *vma)
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
{
pgd_t *pgd;
pud_t *pud;
pmd_t *pmd, _pmd;
pte_t *pte;
pgtable_t pgtable;
struct page *new_page;
spinlock_t *ptl;
int isolated;
unsigned long hstart, hend;
VM_BUG_ON(address & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK);
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
VM_BUG_ON(!*hpage);
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
new_page = *hpage;
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#else
VM_BUG_ON(*hpage);
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
/*
* Allocate the page while the vma is still valid and under
* the mmap_sem read mode so there is no memory allocation
* later when we take the mmap_sem in write mode. This is more
* friendly behavior (OTOH it may actually hide bugs) to
* filesystems in userland with daemons allocating memory in
* the userland I/O paths. Allocating memory with the
* mmap_sem in read mode is good idea also to allow greater
* scalability.
*/
new_page = alloc_hugepage_vma(khugepaged_defrag(), vma, address);
if (unlikely(!new_page)) {
up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
*hpage = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
return;
}
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#endif
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
if (unlikely(mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(new_page, mm, GFP_KERNEL))) {
up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
put_page(new_page);
return;
}
/* after allocating the hugepage upgrade to mmap_sem write mode */
up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
/*
* Prevent all access to pagetables with the exception of
* gup_fast later hanlded by the ptep_clear_flush and the VM
* handled by the anon_vma lock + PG_lock.
*/
down_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
if (unlikely(khugepaged_test_exit(mm)))
goto out;
vma = find_vma(mm, address);
hstart = (vma->vm_start + ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK) & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
hend = vma->vm_end & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
if (address < hstart || address + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE > hend)
goto out;
thp: khugepaged: make khugepaged aware about madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_NOHUGEPAGE were fully effective only if run after mmap and before touching the memory. While this is enough for most usages, it's little effort to make madvise more dynamic at runtime on an existing mapping by making khugepaged aware about madvise. MADV_HUGEPAGE: register in khugepaged immediately without waiting a page fault (that may not ever happen if all pages are already mapped and the "enabled" knob was set to madvise during the initial page faults). MADV_NOHUGEPAGE: skip vmas marked VM_NOHUGEPAGE in khugepaged to stop collapsing pages where not needed. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment] Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:18 -07:00
if ((!(vma->vm_flags & VM_HUGEPAGE) && !khugepaged_always()) ||
(vma->vm_flags & VM_NOHUGEPAGE))
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
goto out;
/* VM_PFNMAP vmas may have vm_ops null but vm_file set */
if (!vma->anon_vma || vma->vm_ops || vma->vm_file)
goto out;
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
if (is_vma_temporary_stack(vma))
goto out;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
VM_BUG_ON(is_linear_pfn_mapping(vma) || is_pfn_mapping(vma));
pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
goto out;
pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
if (!pud_present(*pud))
goto out;
pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
/* pmd can't go away or become huge under us */
if (!pmd_present(*pmd) || pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))
goto out;
anon_vma_lock(vma->anon_vma);
pte = pte_offset_map(pmd, address);
ptl = pte_lockptr(mm, pmd);
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock); /* probably unnecessary */
/*
* After this gup_fast can't run anymore. This also removes
* any huge TLB entry from the CPU so we won't allow
* huge and small TLB entries for the same virtual address
* to avoid the risk of CPU bugs in that area.
*/
_pmd = pmdp_clear_flush_notify(vma, address, pmd);
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
spin_lock(ptl);
isolated = __collapse_huge_page_isolate(vma, address, pte);
spin_unlock(ptl);
if (unlikely(!isolated)) {
thp: keep highpte mapped until it is no longer needed Two users reported THP-related crashes on 32-bit x86 machines. Their oops reports indicated an invalid pte, and subsequent code inspection showed that the highpte is actually used after unmap. The fix is to unmap the pte only after all operations against it are finished. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Reported-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> Reported-by: werner <w.landgraf@ru.ru> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Tested-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> Tested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-20 15:44:18 -07:00
pte_unmap(pte);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
BUG_ON(!pmd_none(*pmd));
set_pmd_at(mm, address, pmd, _pmd);
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
anon_vma_unlock(vma->anon_vma);
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
goto out;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
}
/*
* All pages are isolated and locked so anon_vma rmap
* can't run anymore.
*/
anon_vma_unlock(vma->anon_vma);
__collapse_huge_page_copy(pte, new_page, vma, address, ptl);
thp: keep highpte mapped until it is no longer needed Two users reported THP-related crashes on 32-bit x86 machines. Their oops reports indicated an invalid pte, and subsequent code inspection showed that the highpte is actually used after unmap. The fix is to unmap the pte only after all operations against it are finished. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Reported-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> Reported-by: werner <w.landgraf@ru.ru> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Tested-by: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com> Tested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-20 15:44:18 -07:00
pte_unmap(pte);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
__SetPageUptodate(new_page);
pgtable = pmd_pgtable(_pmd);
VM_BUG_ON(page_count(pgtable) != 1);
VM_BUG_ON(page_mapcount(pgtable) != 0);
_pmd = mk_pmd(new_page, vma->vm_page_prot);
_pmd = maybe_pmd_mkwrite(pmd_mkdirty(_pmd), vma);
_pmd = pmd_mkhuge(_pmd);
/*
* spin_lock() below is not the equivalent of smp_wmb(), so
* this is needed to avoid the copy_huge_page writes to become
* visible after the set_pmd_at() write.
*/
smp_wmb();
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
BUG_ON(!pmd_none(*pmd));
page_add_new_anon_rmap(new_page, vma, address);
set_pmd_at(mm, address, pmd, _pmd);
update_mmu_cache(vma, address, entry);
prepare_pmd_huge_pte(pgtable, mm);
mm->nr_ptes--;
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
*hpage = NULL;
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#endif
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
khugepaged_pages_collapsed++;
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
out_up_write:
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
return;
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
out:
memcg: fix leak of accounting at failure path of hugepage collapsing mem_cgroup_uncharge_page() should be called in all failure cases after mem_cgroup_charge_newpage() is called in huge_memory.c::collapse_huge_page() [ 4209.076861] BUG: Bad page state in process khugepaged pfn:1e9800 [ 4209.077601] page:ffffea0006b14000 count:0 mapcount:0 mapping: (null) index:0x2800 [ 4209.078674] page flags: 0x40000000004000(head) [ 4209.079294] pc:ffff880214a30000 pc->flags:2146246697418756 pc->mem_cgroup:ffffc9000177a000 [ 4209.082177] (/A) [ 4209.082500] Pid: 31, comm: khugepaged Not tainted 2.6.38-rc3-mm1 #1 [ 4209.083412] Call Trace: [ 4209.083678] [<ffffffff810f4454>] ? bad_page+0xe4/0x140 [ 4209.084240] [<ffffffff810f53e6>] ? free_pages_prepare+0xd6/0x120 [ 4209.084837] [<ffffffff8155621d>] ? rwsem_down_failed_common+0xbd/0x150 [ 4209.085509] [<ffffffff810f5462>] ? __free_pages_ok+0x32/0xe0 [ 4209.086110] [<ffffffff810f552b>] ? free_compound_page+0x1b/0x20 [ 4209.086699] [<ffffffff810fad6c>] ? __put_compound_page+0x1c/0x30 [ 4209.087333] [<ffffffff810fae1d>] ? put_compound_page+0x4d/0x200 [ 4209.087935] [<ffffffff810fb015>] ? put_page+0x45/0x50 [ 4209.097361] [<ffffffff8113f779>] ? khugepaged+0x9e9/0x1430 [ 4209.098364] [<ffffffff8107c870>] ? autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x40 [ 4209.099121] [<ffffffff8113ed90>] ? khugepaged+0x0/0x1430 [ 4209.099780] [<ffffffff8107c236>] ? kthread+0x96/0xa0 [ 4209.100452] [<ffffffff8100dda4>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x4/0x10 [ 4209.101214] [<ffffffff8107c1a0>] ? kthread+0x0/0xa0 [ 4209.101842] [<ffffffff8100dda0>] ? kernel_thread_helper+0x0/0x10 Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Acked-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp> Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-10 16:01:36 -07:00
mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(new_page);
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
put_page(new_page);
#endif
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
goto out_up_write;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
}
static int khugepaged_scan_pmd(struct mm_struct *mm,
struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long address,
struct page **hpage)
{
pgd_t *pgd;
pud_t *pud;
pmd_t *pmd;
pte_t *pte, *_pte;
int ret = 0, referenced = 0, none = 0;
struct page *page;
unsigned long _address;
spinlock_t *ptl;
VM_BUG_ON(address & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK);
pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
goto out;
pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
if (!pud_present(*pud))
goto out;
pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
if (!pmd_present(*pmd) || pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))
goto out;
pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
for (_address = address, _pte = pte; _pte < pte+HPAGE_PMD_NR;
_pte++, _address += PAGE_SIZE) {
pte_t pteval = *_pte;
if (pte_none(pteval)) {
if (++none <= khugepaged_max_ptes_none)
continue;
else
goto out_unmap;
}
if (!pte_present(pteval) || !pte_write(pteval))
goto out_unmap;
page = vm_normal_page(vma, _address, pteval);
if (unlikely(!page))
goto out_unmap;
VM_BUG_ON(PageCompound(page));
if (!PageLRU(page) || PageLocked(page) || !PageAnon(page))
goto out_unmap;
/* cannot use mapcount: can't collapse if there's a gup pin */
if (page_count(page) != 1)
goto out_unmap;
thp: mmu_notifier_test_young For GRU and EPT, we need gup-fast to set referenced bit too (this is why it's correct to return 0 when shadow_access_mask is zero, it requires gup-fast to set the referenced bit). qemu-kvm access already sets the young bit in the pte if it isn't zero-copy, if it's zero copy or a shadow paging EPT minor fault we relay on gup-fast to signal the page is in use... We also need to check the young bits on the secondary pagetables for NPT and not nested shadow mmu as the data may never get accessed again by the primary pte. Without this closer accuracy, we'd have to remove the heuristic that avoids collapsing hugepages in hugepage virtual regions that have not even a single subpage in use. ->test_young is full backwards compatible with GRU and other usages that don't have young bits in pagetables set by the hardware and that should nuke the secondary mmu mappings when ->clear_flush_young runs just like EPT does. Removing the heuristic that checks the young bit in khugepaged/collapse_huge_page completely isn't so bad either probably but I thought it was worth it and this makes it reliable. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
if (pte_young(pteval) || PageReferenced(page) ||
mmu_notifier_test_young(vma->vm_mm, address))
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
referenced = 1;
}
if (referenced)
ret = 1;
out_unmap:
pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
thp: allocate memory in khugepaged outside of mmap_sem write mode This tries to be more friendly to filesystem in userland, with userland backends that allocate memory in the I/O paths and that could deadlock if khugepaged holds the mmap_sem write mode of the userland backend while allocating memory. Memory allocation may wait for writeback I/O completion from the daemon that may be blocked in the mmap_sem read mode if a page fault happens and the daemon wasn't using mlock for the memory required for the I/O submission and completion. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:06 -07:00
if (ret)
/* collapse_huge_page will return with the mmap_sem released */
collapse_huge_page(mm, address, hpage, vma);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
out:
return ret;
}
static void collect_mm_slot(struct mm_slot *mm_slot)
{
struct mm_struct *mm = mm_slot->mm;
VM_BUG_ON(!spin_is_locked(&khugepaged_mm_lock));
if (khugepaged_test_exit(mm)) {
/* free mm_slot */
hlist_del(&mm_slot->hash);
list_del(&mm_slot->mm_node);
/*
* Not strictly needed because the mm exited already.
*
* clear_bit(MMF_VM_HUGEPAGE, &mm->flags);
*/
/* khugepaged_mm_lock actually not necessary for the below */
free_mm_slot(mm_slot);
mmdrop(mm);
}
}
static unsigned int khugepaged_scan_mm_slot(unsigned int pages,
struct page **hpage)
{
struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
struct mm_struct *mm;
struct vm_area_struct *vma;
int progress = 0;
VM_BUG_ON(!pages);
VM_BUG_ON(!spin_is_locked(&khugepaged_mm_lock));
if (khugepaged_scan.mm_slot)
mm_slot = khugepaged_scan.mm_slot;
else {
mm_slot = list_entry(khugepaged_scan.mm_head.next,
struct mm_slot, mm_node);
khugepaged_scan.address = 0;
khugepaged_scan.mm_slot = mm_slot;
}
spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
mm = mm_slot->mm;
down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
if (unlikely(khugepaged_test_exit(mm)))
vma = NULL;
else
vma = find_vma(mm, khugepaged_scan.address);
progress++;
for (; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
unsigned long hstart, hend;
cond_resched();
if (unlikely(khugepaged_test_exit(mm))) {
progress++;
break;
}
thp: khugepaged: make khugepaged aware about madvise MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_NOHUGEPAGE were fully effective only if run after mmap and before touching the memory. While this is enough for most usages, it's little effort to make madvise more dynamic at runtime on an existing mapping by making khugepaged aware about madvise. MADV_HUGEPAGE: register in khugepaged immediately without waiting a page fault (that may not ever happen if all pages are already mapped and the "enabled" knob was set to madvise during the initial page faults). MADV_NOHUGEPAGE: skip vmas marked VM_NOHUGEPAGE in khugepaged to stop collapsing pages where not needed. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment] Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:18 -07:00
if ((!(vma->vm_flags & VM_HUGEPAGE) &&
!khugepaged_always()) ||
(vma->vm_flags & VM_NOHUGEPAGE)) {
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
skip:
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
progress++;
continue;
}
/* VM_PFNMAP vmas may have vm_ops null but vm_file set */
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
if (!vma->anon_vma || vma->vm_ops || vma->vm_file)
goto skip;
if (is_vma_temporary_stack(vma))
goto skip;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
VM_BUG_ON(is_linear_pfn_mapping(vma) || is_pfn_mapping(vma));
hstart = (vma->vm_start + ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK) & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
hend = vma->vm_end & HPAGE_PMD_MASK;
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
if (hstart >= hend)
goto skip;
if (khugepaged_scan.address > hend)
goto skip;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
if (khugepaged_scan.address < hstart)
khugepaged_scan.address = hstart;
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
VM_BUG_ON(khugepaged_scan.address & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
while (khugepaged_scan.address < hend) {
int ret;
cond_resched();
if (unlikely(khugepaged_test_exit(mm)))
goto breakouterloop;
VM_BUG_ON(khugepaged_scan.address < hstart ||
khugepaged_scan.address + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE >
hend);
ret = khugepaged_scan_pmd(mm, vma,
khugepaged_scan.address,
hpage);
/* move to next address */
khugepaged_scan.address += HPAGE_PMD_SIZE;
progress += HPAGE_PMD_NR;
if (ret)
/* we released mmap_sem so break loop */
goto breakouterloop_mmap_sem;
if (progress >= pages)
goto breakouterloop;
}
}
breakouterloop:
up_read(&mm->mmap_sem); /* exit_mmap will destroy ptes after this */
breakouterloop_mmap_sem:
spin_lock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
VM_BUG_ON(khugepaged_scan.mm_slot != mm_slot);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
/*
* Release the current mm_slot if this mm is about to die, or
* if we scanned all vmas of this mm.
*/
if (khugepaged_test_exit(mm) || !vma) {
/*
* Make sure that if mm_users is reaching zero while
* khugepaged runs here, khugepaged_exit will find
* mm_slot not pointing to the exiting mm.
*/
if (mm_slot->mm_node.next != &khugepaged_scan.mm_head) {
khugepaged_scan.mm_slot = list_entry(
mm_slot->mm_node.next,
struct mm_slot, mm_node);
khugepaged_scan.address = 0;
} else {
khugepaged_scan.mm_slot = NULL;
khugepaged_full_scans++;
}
collect_mm_slot(mm_slot);
}
return progress;
}
static int khugepaged_has_work(void)
{
return !list_empty(&khugepaged_scan.mm_head) &&
khugepaged_enabled();
}
static int khugepaged_wait_event(void)
{
return !list_empty(&khugepaged_scan.mm_head) ||
!khugepaged_enabled();
}
static void khugepaged_do_scan(struct page **hpage)
{
unsigned int progress = 0, pass_through_head = 0;
unsigned int pages = khugepaged_pages_to_scan;
barrier(); /* write khugepaged_pages_to_scan to local stack */
while (progress < pages) {
cond_resched();
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
if (!*hpage) {
*hpage = alloc_hugepage(khugepaged_defrag());
if (unlikely(!*hpage))
break;
}
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#else
if (IS_ERR(*hpage))
break;
#endif
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
thp: freeze khugepaged and ksmd It's unclear why schedule friendly kernel threads can't be taken away by the CPU through the scheduler itself. It's safer to stop them as they can trigger memory allocation, if kswapd also freezes itself to avoid generating I/O they have too. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
if (unlikely(kthread_should_stop() || freezing(current)))
break;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
spin_lock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
if (!khugepaged_scan.mm_slot)
pass_through_head++;
if (khugepaged_has_work() &&
pass_through_head < 2)
progress += khugepaged_scan_mm_slot(pages - progress,
hpage);
else
progress = pages;
spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
}
}
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
static void khugepaged_alloc_sleep(void)
{
DEFINE_WAIT(wait);
add_wait_queue(&khugepaged_wait, &wait);
schedule_timeout_interruptible(
msecs_to_jiffies(
khugepaged_alloc_sleep_millisecs));
remove_wait_queue(&khugepaged_wait, &wait);
}
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
static struct page *khugepaged_alloc_hugepage(void)
{
struct page *hpage;
do {
hpage = alloc_hugepage(khugepaged_defrag());
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
if (!hpage)
khugepaged_alloc_sleep();
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
} while (unlikely(!hpage) &&
likely(khugepaged_enabled()));
return hpage;
}
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#endif
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
static void khugepaged_loop(void)
{
struct page *hpage;
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
hpage = NULL;
#endif
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
while (likely(khugepaged_enabled())) {
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
hpage = khugepaged_alloc_hugepage();
if (unlikely(!hpage))
break;
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#else
if (IS_ERR(hpage)) {
khugepaged_alloc_sleep();
hpage = NULL;
}
#endif
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
khugepaged_do_scan(&hpage);
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
if (hpage)
put_page(hpage);
thp: add numa awareness to hugepage allocations It's mostly a matter of replacing alloc_pages with alloc_pages_vma after introducing alloc_pages_vma. khugepaged needs special handling as the allocation has to happen inside collapse_huge_page where the vma is known and an error has to be returned to the outer loop to sleep alloc_sleep_millisecs in case of failure. But it retains the more efficient logic of handling allocation failures in khugepaged in case of CONFIG_NUMA=n. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:05 -07:00
#endif
thp: freeze khugepaged and ksmd It's unclear why schedule friendly kernel threads can't be taken away by the CPU through the scheduler itself. It's safer to stop them as they can trigger memory allocation, if kswapd also freezes itself to avoid generating I/O they have too. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
try_to_freeze();
if (unlikely(kthread_should_stop()))
break;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
if (khugepaged_has_work()) {
DEFINE_WAIT(wait);
if (!khugepaged_scan_sleep_millisecs)
continue;
add_wait_queue(&khugepaged_wait, &wait);
schedule_timeout_interruptible(
msecs_to_jiffies(
khugepaged_scan_sleep_millisecs));
remove_wait_queue(&khugepaged_wait, &wait);
} else if (khugepaged_enabled())
thp: freeze khugepaged and ksmd It's unclear why schedule friendly kernel threads can't be taken away by the CPU through the scheduler itself. It's safer to stop them as they can trigger memory allocation, if kswapd also freezes itself to avoid generating I/O they have too. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
wait_event_freezable(khugepaged_wait,
khugepaged_wait_event());
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
}
}
static int khugepaged(void *none)
{
struct mm_slot *mm_slot;
thp: freeze khugepaged and ksmd It's unclear why schedule friendly kernel threads can't be taken away by the CPU through the scheduler itself. It's safer to stop them as they can trigger memory allocation, if kswapd also freezes itself to avoid generating I/O they have too. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
set_freezable();
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
set_user_nice(current, 19);
/* serialize with start_khugepaged() */
mutex_lock(&khugepaged_mutex);
for (;;) {
mutex_unlock(&khugepaged_mutex);
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
VM_BUG_ON(khugepaged_thread != current);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
khugepaged_loop();
thp: prevent hugepages during args/env copying into the user stack Transparent hugepages can only be created if rmap is fully functional. So we must prevent hugepages to be created while is_vma_temporary_stack() is true. This also optmizes away some harmless but unnecessary setting of khugepaged_scan.address and it switches some BUG_ON to VM_BUG_ON. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-15 11:02:45 -07:00
VM_BUG_ON(khugepaged_thread != current);
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
mutex_lock(&khugepaged_mutex);
if (!khugepaged_enabled())
break;
thp: freeze khugepaged and ksmd It's unclear why schedule friendly kernel threads can't be taken away by the CPU through the scheduler itself. It's safer to stop them as they can trigger memory allocation, if kswapd also freezes itself to avoid generating I/O they have too. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:10 -07:00
if (unlikely(kthread_should_stop()))
break;
thp: khugepaged Add khugepaged to relocate fragmented pages into hugepages if new hugepages become available. (this is indipendent of the defrag logic that will have to make new hugepages available) The fundamental reason why khugepaged is unavoidable, is that some memory can be fragmented and not everything can be relocated. So when a virtual machine quits and releases gigabytes of hugepages, we want to use those freely available hugepages to create huge-pmd in the other virtual machines that may be running on fragmented memory, to maximize the CPU efficiency at all times. The scan is slow, it takes nearly zero cpu time, except when it copies data (in which case it means we definitely want to pay for that cpu time) so it seems a good tradeoff. In addition to the hugepages being released by other process releasing memory, we have the strong suspicion that the performance impact of potentially defragmenting hugepages during or before each page fault could lead to more performance inconsistency than allocating small pages at first and having them collapsed into large pages later... if they prove themselfs to be long lived mappings (khugepaged scan is slow so short lived mappings have low probability to run into khugepaged if compared to long lived mappings). Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:58 -07:00
}
spin_lock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
mm_slot = khugepaged_scan.mm_slot;
khugepaged_scan.mm_slot = NULL;
if (mm_slot)
collect_mm_slot(mm_slot);
spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
khugepaged_thread = NULL;
mutex_unlock(&khugepaged_mutex);
return 0;
}
thp: transparent hugepage core Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to see removed: 1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap 2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without userland noticing 3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes not null) 4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for 1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using O_DIRECT (aka cache=off). hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization, becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24 to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime). The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at large, KVM gets the performance boost too). The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar) allocation failed... Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased (no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM (instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail. The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort" that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE). The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault time. This can be changed with /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions, or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively "always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never". The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup unpinning interface would be invasive. If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM (and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve a complete hugepage feature for KVM. Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that case. NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster). So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2 caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon). This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires "graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation. hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and hugepages at all times automatically. Some performance result: vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep ages3 memset page fault 1566023 memset tlb miss 453854 memset second tlb miss 453321 random access tlb miss 41635 random access second tlb miss 41658 vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566471 memset tlb miss 453375 memset second tlb miss 453320 random access tlb miss 41636 random access second tlb miss 41637 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566642 memset tlb miss 453417 memset second tlb miss 453313 random access tlb miss 41630 random access second tlb miss 41647 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 1566872 memset tlb miss 453418 memset second tlb miss 453315 random access tlb miss 41618 random access second tlb miss 41659 vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182476 memset tlb miss 460305 memset second tlb miss 460179 random access tlb miss 44483 random access second tlb miss 44186 vmx andrea # ./largepages3 memset page fault 2182791 memset tlb miss 460742 memset second tlb miss 459962 random access tlb miss 43981 random access second tlb miss 43988 ============ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024) int main() { char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2; struct timeval before, after; gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset page fault %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); memset(p, 0, SIZE); gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); gettimeofday(&before, NULL); for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096) *p2 = 0; gettimeofday(&after, NULL); printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n", (after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL + after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec); return 0; } ============ Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:46:52 -07:00
void __split_huge_page_pmd(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd)
{
struct page *page;
spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
if (unlikely(!pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))) {
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
return;
}
page = pmd_page(*pmd);
VM_BUG_ON(!page_count(page));
get_page(page);
spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
split_huge_page(page);
put_page(page);
BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
}
thp: avoid breaking huge pmd invariants in case of vma_adjust failures An huge pmd can only be mapped if the corresponding 2M virtual range is fully contained in the vma. At times the VM calls split_vma twice, if the first split_vma succeeds and the second fail, the first split_vma remains in effect and it's not rolled back. For split_vma or vma_adjust to fail an allocation failure is needed so it's a very unlikely event (the out of memory killer would normally fire before any allocation failure is visible to kernel and userland and if an out of memory condition happens it's unlikely to happen exactly here). Nevertheless it's safer to ensure that no huge pmd can be left around if the vma is adjusted in a way that can't fit hugepages anymore at the new vm_start/vm_end address. Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-01-13 16:47:08 -07:00
static void split_huge_page_address(struct mm_struct *mm,
unsigned long address)
{
pgd_t *pgd;
pud_t *pud;
pmd_t *pmd;
VM_BUG_ON(!(address & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK));
pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
if (!pgd_present(*pgd))
return;
pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
if (!pud_present(*pud))
return;
pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
if (!pmd_present(*pmd))
return;
/*
* Caller holds the mmap_sem write mode, so a huge pmd cannot
* materialize from under us.
*/
split_huge_page_pmd(mm, pmd);
}
void __vma_adjust_trans_huge(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
unsigned long start,
unsigned long end,
long adjust_next)
{
/*
* If the new start address isn't hpage aligned and it could
* previously contain an hugepage: check if we need to split
* an huge pmd.
*/
if (start & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK &&
(start & HPAGE_PMD_MASK) >= vma->vm_start &&
(start & HPAGE_PMD_MASK) + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE <= vma->vm_end)
split_huge_page_address(vma->vm_mm, start);
/*
* If the new end address isn't hpage aligned and it could
* previously contain an hugepage: check if we need to split
* an huge pmd.
*/
if (end & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK &&
(end & HPAGE_PMD_MASK) >= vma->vm_start &&
(end & HPAGE_PMD_MASK) + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE <= vma->vm_end)
split_huge_page_address(vma->vm_mm, end);
/*
* If we're also updating the vma->vm_next->vm_start, if the new
* vm_next->vm_start isn't page aligned and it could previously
* contain an hugepage: check if we need to split an huge pmd.
*/
if (adjust_next > 0) {
struct vm_area_struct *next = vma->vm_next;
unsigned long nstart = next->vm_start;
nstart += adjust_next << PAGE_SHIFT;
if (nstart & ~HPAGE_PMD_MASK &&
(nstart & HPAGE_PMD_MASK) >= next->vm_start &&
(nstart & HPAGE_PMD_MASK) + HPAGE_PMD_SIZE <= next->vm_end)
split_huge_page_address(next->vm_mm, nstart);
}
}
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